The purpose of this study is to retrospectively compare the mortality, stroke, and paraplegia rates after open surgery and TEVAR for the management of rDTAA.

Methods: Patients with rDTAA treated with TEVAR or open surgery between 1995 and 2010 at seven institutions were identified and included for analysis. The outcomes between both treatment groups were compared; the primary end point of the study was a composite end point of death, permanent paraplegia, and/or stroke within 30 days after the intervention. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to QNZ research buy identify risk factors for the primary end point.

Results: A total of 161

patients with rDTAA were included, of which 92 were treated with TEVAR and 69 with open surgery. The composite outcome

of death, stroke, or permanent paraplegia occurred in 36.2% of the open repair group, compared with 21.7% of the TEVAR group (odds ratio [OR], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], .24-.97; P = .044). The 30-day mortality was 24.6% after open surgery compared with 17.4% after TEVAR (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, .30-1.39; P = .260). Risk factors for the composite end point of death, permanent paraplegia, and/or stroke in multivariate analysis were increasing age (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08; P = .036) and hypovolemic shock (OR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.09-5.60; P = .030), while TEVAR was associated with a significantly lower risk of the composite end point (OR, 0.44; 95% CI,.20-.95; P = .039). The aneurysm-related survival Idasanutlin clinical trial of patients treated with open repair was 64.3% at 4 years, compared with 75.2% for patients treated with TEVAR (P = .191).

Conclusions: Endovascular repair of rDTAA is associated with a lower risk of a composite of death, stroke, and paraplegia, compared with traditional PRKACG open surgery. In rDTAA patients, endovascular management appears the preferred treatment when this method is feasible. (J Vasc Surg 2011;53:1210-6.)”
“Methoxychlor (MXC), a commonly used pesticide, has been labeled as an endocrine disruptor. To evaluate the impact of neonatal exposure to MXC on female reproduction, female Sprague-Dawley

rats were given subcutaneous injections on postnatal days 1, 3, and 5. The injections contained 1.0 mg MXC, 2.0 mg MXC, 10 mu g 17 beta-estradiol benzoate (positive control), or sesame oil (vehicle). The injections of MXC had no effect on anogenital distance or day of vaginal opening. Treatment with either 2.0 mg MXC or estradiol significantly increased the total number of days with vaginal keratinization. Treatment with MXC had no effect on ability to exhibit a mating response as an adult female, although the high dose MXC (2.0) and the positive control (estradiol) animals demonstrated a decrease in degree of receptivity, a decrease in proceptive behavior and an increase in rejection behavior.

Pharmacological inhibitors of KCa3.1 channels may provide a novel and effective therapy to delay progression to kidney failure

in patients with ADPKD.”
“Identification of the genetic factors that underlie stimulant responsiveness in animal models has significant implications for better understanding and treating stimulant addiction in humans. F(2) progeny derived from parental rat strains F344/NHsd and LEW/NHsd, which differ in responses to drugs of abuse, were used in quantitative trait Acadesine molecular weight locus (QTL) analyses to identify genomic regions associated with amphetamine-induced locomotion (AIL) and G-protein levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The most robust QTLs were observed on chromosome 3 (maximal log ratio statistic score (LRS(max)) = 21.3) for AIL and on chromosome 2 (LRS(max) = 22.0) for G alpha(i3.) A ‘suggestive’ QTL (LRS(max) = 12.5) was observed for AIL in a region of chromosome 2 that overlaps with the G alpha(i3) QTL. Novelty-induced locomotion (NIL) showed different QTL patterns from AIL, with the most robust QTL on chromosome 13 (LRS(max) = 12.2). Specific unique and overlapping genomic regions influence

AIL, NIL, and inhibitory G-protein levels in the NAc. These findings suggest that common genetic mechanisms influence certain biochemical and behavioral aspects of stimulant responsiveness.”
“Dopaminergic and endothelin systems participate in the control blood pressure by regulating selleckchem sodium transport in the renal proximal tubule. Disruption of either the endothelin B receptor (ETB) or D(3) dopamine receptor gene in mice produces hypertension.

To examine whether these two receptors interact we studied the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously ADP ribosylation factor hypertensive (SHR) rats by selectively infusing reagents into the right kidney of anesthetized rats. The D(3) receptor agonist (PD128907) caused natriuresis in WKY rats which was partially blocked by the ETB receptor antagonist. In contrast, PD128907 blunted sodium excretion in the SHRs. We found using laser confocal microscopy that the ETB receptor was mainly located in the cell membrane in control WKY cells. Treatment with the D(3) receptor antagonist caused its internalization into intracellular compartments that contained the D(3) receptors. Combined use of D(3) and ETB antagonists failed to internalize ETB receptors in cells from WKY rats. In contrast in SHR cells, ETB receptors were found mainly in internal compartments under basal condition and thus were likely prevented from interacting with the agonist-stimulated, membrane-bound D(3) receptors. Our studies suggest that D(3) receptors physically interact with proximal tubule ETB receptors and that the blunted natriuretic effect of dopamine in SHRs may be explained, in part, by abnormal D(3)/ETB receptor interactions.

HDAC inhibition abolished STAT3(Tyr705) phosphorylation with minimal effect on STAT3(Ser727) and JAK2 tyrosine activity. AMN-107 pSTAT3(Tyr705)-positive DLBCLs were more sensitive to HDAC inhibition with LBH589 compared with pSTAT3(Tyr705)-negative DLBCLs. This cytotoxicity was associated with downregulation of the direct STAT3 target Mcl-1. HDAC3 knockdown upregulated STAT3(Lys685) acetylation but prevented STAT3(Tyr705) phosphorylation and inhibited survival of pSTAT3-positive DLBCL cells. These studies provide the rationale for targeting STAT3-positive DLBCL tumors with HDAC inhibitors.”
“Mitochondria produce ATP, regulate apoptosis, and maintain calcium homeostasis, and thus, mitochondrial dysfunction critically

impairs nervous system development. Furthermore, the disruption of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in mitochondria could lead to energy depletion and elevate oxidative stress. In the present study, the authors investigated 4SC-202 price how perturbation of the respiratory chain and bioenergetics affects neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Mitochondrial OXPHOS was impaired by inhibiting electron transfer using the antimycin A and ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin. It was found that oligomycin impaired NPCs proliferation and was toxic at high concentrations, whereas antimycin A-treated cells showed

no changes in NPCs proliferation. Although ROS production was elevated concentration-dependently by both inhibitors, oligomycin-treated C17.2 NPCs, but not antimycin A-treated NPCs, showed a significantly higher cell death rate and lower levels of intracellular ATP. These findings suggest that bioenergetic considerations are critically important for cell viability regulation in NPCs. Taken together, the present study shows

that OXPHOS disruption can have a neurotoxic effect on NPCs, and thus, adversely influence the developing brain and the neurogenic capacity of the adult brain. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Chemotaxis inhibitory protein Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of Staphylococcus aureus (CHIPS) is a protein that binds and blocks the C5a receptor (C5aR) and formylated peptide receptor, thereby inhibiting the immune cell recruitment associated with inflammation. If CHIPS was less reactive with existing human antibodies, it would be a promising anti-inflammatory drug candidate. Therefore, we applied directed evolution and computational/ rational design to the CHIPS gene in order to generate new CHIPS variants displaying lower interaction with human IgG, yet retaining biological function. The optimization was performed in four rounds: one round of random mutagenesis to add diversity into the CHIPS gene and three rounds of DNA recombination by Fragment INduced Diversity (FIND (R)). Every round was screened by phage selection and/or ELISA for decreased interaction with human IgG and retained C5aR binding. The mean binding of human anti-CHIPS IgG decreased with every round of evolution.

Our aim was to test the hypothesis that the long-term efficacy of CAS is superior to that of PTA.

Methods At the University learn more Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, PTA was performed from 1990 to 1997 and CAS was performed from 1998 to 2006. All patients undergoing these procedures were symptomatic. Selection and follow-up examinations were performed by independent vascular neurologists. Follow-up terms were 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, then annually.

Results In the PTA group (n=71), 2.8% of the patients showed severe periinterventional complications (i.e. lasting neurological

deficits). Of these 71 patients, 57.7% were followed up for an average period of 51 months. Stenois > 70% was observed in 9.8% of the PTA patients, while 4.9% of the patients had ipsilateral occlusions. In the CAS group (n=354), 4.2% of the patients showed severe periinterventional complications. In total, 61% of the CAS patients were followed up for an average period of 25 months, of whom 4.6% showed stenosis of > 70% and 1.9% had ipsilateral occlusions. Periprocedural complications and new symptoms that appeared during follow-up occurred at a rate of 5.6% (PTA) and 5.9% (CAS). There was no difference in the rate of annual ipsilateral events

(1.1% in PTA vs. 1.3% in CAS, p=1.000)

Conclusion Overall, the use of stents, rather than PTA only, shows no beneficial clinical effect in the treatment of ICA stenosis. While the rate of restenosis may be significantly reduced, this merely 4��8C suggests that the impact of restenosis is less apparent than expected.”
“Purpose: see more A prospective, randomized, controlled trial was done to evaluate whether oral administration of a preparation of the probiotic agent Lactobacillus casei (Yakult Honsha, Tokyo, Japan) could enhance the prevention of recurrence by intravesical instillation of epirubicin after transurethral resection for superficial bladder cancer.

Materials and Methods: Between August 1999 and December 2002, 207 patients clinically diagnosed with superficial bladder cancer were included as study candidates and underwent transurethral resection, followed by intravesical instillation of 30 mg epirubicin/30 ml saline twice during I week. After histological

confirmation of superficial bladder cancer they were again included as study participants with 102 randomized to receive treatment with 6 additional intravesical instillations of epirubicin during the 3-month period after transurethral resection (epirubicin group) and 100 randomized to intravesical chemotherapy on the same schedule as the epirubicin group plus oral administration of 3 gm Lactobacillus casei preparation per day for 1 year (epirubicin plus Lactobacillus casei group). Patients were evaluated for intravesical recurrence, disease progression, prognosis and adverse drug reactions.

Results: The 3-year recurrence-free survival rate was significantly higher in the epirubicin plus Lactobacillus casei group than in the epirubicin group (74.6% vs 59.9%, p = 0.

The hypothesized effect of type of loss was not supported. Conclusions: These preliminary findings encourage further investigations to elucidate pathways from sudden unexpected loss to biomarker changes that increase risk for morbidity and mortality.”
“The methodology of predicting sonication-induced unfolding proteins (SUP) is presented in this study. The methodology bases www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD8931.html on: (a) simulation of SUP by the

excessive deviations of protein domains in regime of damped forced vibrations caused by critical level of involved acoustic energy, which is associated with temperature rise and acoustic pressure; (b) simulation of stochasticity of SUP by failures in jobs service in the queueing system with Markovian fluxes. The assessments of probability of SUP accounting the complex of parameters of pulsed ultrasound, biophysical properties of tissue and macromolecular crowding of insonated zone of tissue are considered. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aripiprazole (APZ) is regarded as a first-line atypical antipsychotic used for the treatment of first and multiple episodes of schizophrenia to improve positive- and negative-symptoms. Its therapeutic indications were extended to acute manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar

disorder. In addition, APZ was approved as an adjunct therapy for major depressive disorder in 2007. Compared to other antipsychotic drugs. APZ has a unique pharmacological profile. It is a partial agonist at D-2 dopamine receptors and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors, whereas it is an antagonist at serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT6 receptors. Since epilepsy is often accompanied FHPI with neurological

check comorbidities such as depression, anxiety and cognitive deficits caused by both the disease and/or drug treatment, we wished to examine the effects of a sub-chronic treatment (>14 consecutive days) with APZ (0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg; i.p.) on both absence seizures and WAG/Rij rat’s behavior using different standard paradigms: Open field (OF) test, elevated plus maze (EPM) test, forced swimming (FS) test, sucrose consumption (SC) test and Morris water maze (MWM). WAG/Rij rats represent a validated genetic animal model of absence epilepsy with mild-depression comorbidity, also including other behavioral alterations. APZ treatment showed some anti-absence properties and regarding the behavioral comorbidity in this rat strain, we observed that APZ possesses clear antidepressant effects in the FS and SC tests also increasing memory/learning function in the Morris water maze test. In the two anxiety models used, APZ showed only minor effects. In conclusion, our results indicate that APZ might actually have a potential in treating absence seizures or as add-on therapy but more interestingly, these effect might be accompanied by positive modulatory actions on depression, anxiety and memory which might be also beneficial in other epileptic syndromes.

This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Cognitive Enhancers’.

In this study, we could detect no evidence of genetic association between 4 markers near HTR2A and mood disorders in the Japanese population, but sample sizes, especially BP, were probably too small to allow a meaningful test. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Venous ulcers continue to cause problems for patients and health care systems. These are painful and unpleasant for the patient and expensive

for health care providers to treat. This brief review highlights effective methods of management. There is level PD 332991 1 evidence of the efficacy of compression (bandaging or stockings) in healing ulcers as well as maintaining healing. Patients with superficial saphenous reflux, with or without perforating and deep vein incompetence, benefit from superficial venous surgery. This does not speed ulcer healing but is effective at preventing recurrence after healing with compression. Minimally invasive methods of managing incompetence of superficial saphenous trunks, including endovenous laser ablation, radiofrequency ablation, and foam sclerotherapy are probably also effective Quisinostat in treating patients with venous leg

ulcers. Perforating vein ligation is commonly combined with superficial venous surgery for leg ulcer patients, but no systematic data are available to define the role of this treatment. Some centers use deep vein reconstruction to restore competence to deep vein valves. Insufficient

data have been published to allow any general recommendation to be made for this treatment. A limited number of drugs have efficacy in promoting leg ulcer healing. They may be used in combination with compression treatment in patients with ulcers refractory to other methods of management. No particular ulcer dressing has been shown to be effective in speeding ulcer healing. (J Vase Surg 2009;49:804-8.)”
“The present study investigated the ability of 1.5 T clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Adenosine to detect ferumoxides- labeled human neural stein cells (NSCs) that had been intravenously (i.v.) injected into a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. To detect transplanted cells, hNSCs were labeled with ferumoxide then followed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) prior to transplantation. In the rat ischemia-human NSC group, human NSCs (4 x 10(6) cells in 5 ml PBS) were injected via tail vein 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), and the brains of the rats were scanned using a 1.5 T MRI unit over a period of 4 weeks (11 day before MCAo, then 1 and 3 days after cell injection, and weekly thereafter). In histologic sections, transplanted cells were identified by Prussian blue and anti-BrdU fluorescence staining. Regions with hypointense signals on T2-weighted and 3D gradient echo MR images corresponded with areas stained by Prussian blue, which suggested the presence of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles within the engrafted cells.

We investigated in the mouse, a species suited for transgenic studies, the mechanisms of locomotor sensitization showed by the increased response to a second injection of drug (two-injection protocol of sensitization,

TIPS). The first cocaine injection induced a locomotor sensitization that was completely context-dependent, increased during the first week, and persisted 3 months later. The induction of sensitized responses to cocaine required dopamine D1 and glutamate NMDA receptors. A single injection of the selective dopamine transporter blocker GBR12783 was sufficient to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the striatum to the same level as cocaine and to induce sensitization to cocaine, but not to itself. The induction of sensitization was sensitive to protein synthesis Savolitinib manufacturer inhibition by anisomycin after cocaine administration. Morphine induced a pronounced context-dependent sensitization that crossed with cocaine. Sensitization to morphine injection was prevented in knockin mutant mice bearing a Thr-34-Ala mutation of DARPP-32, which suppresses its ability to inhibit protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), but not mutation of Thr-75 or Ser-130. These results combined with previous ones show that TIPS in mouse AZD8931 is a context-dependent

response, which involves an increase in extracellular dopamine, stimulation of D1 and NMDA receptors, regulation of the cAMP-dependent and ERK pathways, inhibition of PP1, and protein synthesis. It provides a simple and sensitive paradigm to study the mechanisms of long-term effects of drugs of abuse. Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 401-415; doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.143; published online 16 September 2009″
“Schizophrenia has been

initially associated with dysfunction in dopamine neurotransmission. However, the observation that antagonists of the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor produce schizophrenic-like symptoms in humans has led to the idea of a dysfunctioning of the glutamatergic system via its NMDA receptor. As a result, there is a growing interest in the development of pharmacological agents with potential antipsychotic properties that enhance the activity of the glutamatergic system via a modulation of the NMDA receptor. Among them are glycine transporter-1 (GlyT1) inhibitors such as SSR103800, which indirectly enhance NMDA receptor function by increasing selleckchem the glycine (a co-agonist for the NMDA receptor) levels in the synapse. This study aimed at investigating the potential antipsychotic-like properties of SSR103800, with a particular focus on models of hyperactivity, involving either drug challenge (ie, amphetamine and MK-801) or transgenic mice (ie, NMDA Nr1(neo-/-) and DAT(-/-)). Results showed that SSR103800 (10-30 mg/kg p.o.) blocked hyperactivity induced by the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 and partially reversed spontaneous hyperactivity of NMDA Nr1(neo-/-) mice.

“
“OBJECTIVE: Tuberculum sellae meningiomas represent 5 to 10% of all intracranial meningiomas. Such lesions are classically removed through a variety of well-standardized transcranial approaches. The extended endonasal transsphenoidal route, under either microscopic or endoscopic visualization, has only recently been proposed as a viable surgical technique for the management of such tumors.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 51 consecutive patients with tuberculum sellae meningiomas were treated at our institution during a 21-year period. Forty-four patients had transcranial surgery, and the last seven were treated via the extended endoscopic Wortmannin transsphenoidal approach. We also compared our data with

those reported and endocrino-ophthalmological in the pertinent literature related to the surgical,, Selleckchem eFT-508 logical outcome.

RESULTS: The significant difference among the transcranial and transsphenoidal series, both in our experience and in the reviewed literature, did not allow us to draw statistically significant results but rather a reporting of the outcomes. In the transcranial group, 86.4% had a gross total removal of the lesion, whereas the percentage was 83.3% in the transsphenoidal group. Concerning the visual outcome, we experienced postoperative improvement in 61.4% of the transcranial patients and

a worsening of 13.6%, whereas improvement was reported in 71.4% of the patients in the transsphenoidal group; in the last group, we did not observe any postoperative BCKDHB worsening. The main drawback of the transsphenoidal approach still remains the difficulty in reconstructing the cranial base dural and bone defects, which expose patients to a greater risk of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage (28.6% in our series) and related complications.

CONCLUSION: When treating a patient with a diagnosis of tuberculum sellae meningioma, a neurosurgeon should know that, aside from the classical transcranial

approach, the possibility of an extended transsphenoidal approach exists. Although it is still not a standardized procedure, in carefully selected cases (i.e., small midline lesions, without major vessel encasement, or parasellar extension) and in experienced hands, it could be considered a viable alternative, especially in overcoming the reconstruction-related problems.”
“Purpose: Despite techniques to preserve the cavernous nerves during radical prostatectomy erectile dysfunction remains a complication. We determined whether bilateral cavernous nerve resection induces apoptosis in the penis. We also determined whether treatment with the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor tadalafil prevents apoptosis as well as the specific mechanisms involved.

Materials and Methods: Mice were subjected to cavernous nerve resection or sham surgery. Penises were processed for the identification of apoptotic cells, changes in phosphorylation of several protein kinases and immunolocalization of specific kinases.

Our study aimed to characterize DCA in severe and moderate ICA stenosis before and after carotid stenting.

Methods: This study included 21 patients with ICA stenosis >= 50% who received carotid stenting. Data of arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery, measured by transcranial Doppler, were collected for 10 minutes :524 hours before and after stenting. The DCA index, represented as aMx, was assessed by calculating GSK1210151A supplier the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of spontaneous arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity fluctuations. The relationship between aMx and stenotic severity and also alternations

of aMx before and after stenting were assessed.

Results: Carotid stenting was effective to improve the DCA in the stenting side but not

in the contralateral nonstenting side. In considering GSK2118436 ic50 individual ICAs, the average aMx (mean :+/- SD) increased significantly from ICA stenosis <50% (0.117 +/- 0.091) to 50% to 69% (0.349 +/- 0.144), 70% to 99% (0.456 +/- 0.147), and total occlusion (0.557 +/- 0.210; P < .05, P < .01, and P < .01, compared with 50% to 69%, 70% to 99%, or total occlusion with <50% stenosis). The correlation between the degree of ICA stenosis and the aMx was also significant (r = 0.693, P < .005). The aMx improved significantly heptaminol in the stented side after carotid stenting in both moderate and severe ICA stenosis, and this finding was not affected by age, sex, risk factors, or clinical

symptoms.

Conclusions. In addition to patients with severe carotid stenosis, patients with moderate carotid stenosis may also have impaired DCA that can be restored after carotid stenting.”
“Introduction. – Dysphagia is a common and distressing consequence of hemispheric stroke. Study aim. – To verify the usefulness of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies of swallowing in healthy subjects and in stroke patients.

Material and methods. – TMS studies of the motor cortical projections to the upper esophageal. sphincter were performed in 45 patients with acute mono-hemispheric stroke (26 patients with dysphagia) and 20 healthy adult volunteers.

Results. – TMS of either hemisphere in normal volunteers evoked motor evoked potentials (MEP) in the esophagus. The average point of optimal excitability was slightly more anterior in the right hemisphere; otherwise, MEP amplitudes and latencies were similar from both hemispheres as were the areas of the cortical map. The cortical map area and amplitude of MEPs were significantly smaller and the latencies longer after stimulation of the affected hemisphere compared with the unaffected hemisphere and pooled control data. Twenty-four dysphagic patients (92.

We assessed the feasibility and safety of performing single setting bilateral laparoscopic orchiopexy in boys with bilateral intra-abdominal testes.

Materials and Methods: A single surgeon experience was reviewed. The surgical technique was similar in all cases and on each

side, including infra-umbilical access, diagnostic evaluation, peritoneal mobilization lateral to the spermatic vessels and buy JQEZ5 inferior to the vas deferens, gubernacular transection, and a decision for or against a Fowler-Stephens procedure and testis relocation into the scrotum with fixation. Followup consisted of physical examination 14 days, 6 months and 1 year postoperatively, when testicular position and size were assessed. Intraoperative and postoperative selleck complications were noted.

Results: Single setting bilateral laparoscopic orchiopexy was attempted in a total of 42 testes in 21 boys with a median age of 9 months (range 7 to 52). It was completed in a total of 36 testes in 18 boys. All procedures were performed on an outpatient basis. Of the 42 testes orchiopexy was performed in 4 with Fowler-Stephens ligation, including at a 1 and 2-stage procedure in 2 each. Although the latter 2 cases

account for 2 of the 3 not completed at a single setting, excellent outcomes were achieved in these cases at the second setting, yielding bilateral intrascrotal testes in each. A third boy required a subsequent open procedure for relocation of a testis from an inferior pubic/superior scrotal position to a more dependent portion of the scrotum. Testicular position after laparoscopy was the mid lower scrotum in 38 cases, upper scrotum in 3 and inferior pubic/superior scrotal in 1. Atrophy was noted in 2 of the 42 testes (19 of 21 boys) at 6-month followup, including in 1 boy who underwent

a 1-stage Fowler-Stephens procedure and I who underwent nonFowler-Stephens orchiopexy. Of the 21 boys 16 required only 1 surgery to achieve viable intrascrotal testes at 1-year followup. Of the 21 boys 19 (91%) ultimately achieved bilateral viable intrascrotal testes. There was no correlation between patient age and the likelihood of success or failure. No patient experienced any complications or hospital admissions.

Conclusions: In boys with bilateral intra-abdominal testes single Florfenicol setting bilateral laparoscopic orchiopexy can be performed safely on an outpatient basis with a high degree of success. Most boys undergo a single surgery with the testes relocated to a satisfactory intrascrotal position without atrophy.”
“Purpose: Prader-Willi syndrome is associated with hypogonadism. Cryptorchidism is found in 93% of cases and considered a phenotypic criterion. Men with Prader-Willi syndrome are thought to be infertile. To study the fertility probability in boys with Prader-Willi syndrome we analyzed testicular histology in 8 prepubertal boys and 1 man.