Indeed, tracking of bar-coded progenitors transferred into irradiated Metformin in vivo mice indicates that lineage divergence among myeloid cell types might occur as early as a stage upstream of MDPs known as the lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor (LMPP) [ 20••]. Mouse MDPs and CDPs exhibit substantial phenotypic overlap [29]. They both lack lineage specifying markers, express CD115 and CD135 in addition to CX3CR1 and can only be distinguished

by the fact that CDPs express lower levels of CD117 (c-kit) than MDPs [27, 28, 29, 30 and 31]. We have recently demonstrated that DNGR-1 (encoded by the Clec9a gene and also known as CLEC9A) marks cells resembling CDPs but not MDPs. DNGR-1+ CDPs exhibit cDC-restricted differentiation potential and do not generate pDCs after adoptive

transfer [ 21••] or in vitro culture with Flt3L (BUS and CRS, unpublished observations). DNGR-1+ CDP express CD115, consistent with the recent demonstration that CD115+ CDPs exhibit a strong clonal bias to generate cDCs, whereas pDCs arise predominantly from CD115 negative CDPs [ 19•]. Thus, cDCs and pDCs appear to have distinct immediate progenitors, which can be distinguished by expression of CD115 [ 19•] and DNGR-1 [ 21••]. Some CD115+ CDP, which presumably express DNGR-1 [ 21••], have combined cDC and pDC potential in clonal assays [ 19•, 30 and 31], although the interpretation of such experiments might be marred by the reported in vitro developmental plasticity of differentiating DCs [ 35]. Altogether, these data can be integrated into a revised map of DC differentiation that takes into account the fact that cDCs, pDCs and monocytes develop Cetuximab in vitro as distinct lineages although the exact developmental Erastin intermediates and branching points remain to be clarified and may display considerable

plasticity ( Figure 1). Dependence on FLT3L is sometimes used as evidence that a given leukocyte should be considered a member of the DC lineage [36, 37 and 38]. This is because FLT3L strongly expands pDCs and cDCs in vivo [ 28, 39 and 40] and can be used to generate all functional subsets of DCs in vitro [ 41]. Conversely, mice lacking Flt3L display a severe deficiency in DCs, which is also apparent, although to a lesser extent, in mice lacking its receptor CD135 (Flt3) [ 42] or treated with CD135 inhibitors [ 43 and 44]. GM-CSF, on the other hand, is extensively used to differentiate monocytes into cells resembling DCs in vitro [ 45] but mice lacking GM-CSF or its receptor have normal development of monocyte-derived cells [ 46•] as well as lymphoid tissue DCs [ 28 and 47]. Instead, they exhibit a specific reduction of cDCs in many, but not all, non-lymphoid tissues [ 46•, 48, 49 and 50]. The GM-CSF dependence of CD103+ cDCs is stronger than that of CD11b+ cDCs [ 46•] although the extent of reduction relates to the markers used for cell identification [ 46• and 49], possibly because GM-CSF regulates CD103 expression [ 51].

The main reasons are: – it would introduce stricter limits in terms of catches (through quotas) and in terms of fishing time; Following these considerations, MAREMED project partners agreed that Mediterranean fishermen should not be forced into a TFC system, but rather be directly involved in fisheries management at the local level, and made more responsible through the participation in the development and implementation of specific management plans. This study was conducted with the GKT137831 chemical structure financial support of the Commission of the European Communities within the MAREMED

Project – Maritime Regions Cooperation for Mediterranean (www.maremed.eu – MED Transnational Cooperation Program financed by the European Regional Development Fund). It does not necessarily reflect the European Commission’s views and in no way anticipates its future policy. This support is gratefully selleck inhibitor acknowledged. “
“In the paper ‘EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and Marine Spatial Planning (MSP): Which is the more dominant

and practicable contributor to maritime policy in the UK?’ published in Marine Policy 2013;43:359–366, co-author Jonathon Brennan’s affiliation is shown as Natural England. Jonathon Brennan would like to point out that at the time when the work was carried out, his affiliation was the School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle on Tyne, UK. The views put forward in the article do not necessarily reflect the views of his current employer, Natural England. “
“In the Pacific Islands Countries and Territories (PICTs), coastal capture based fisheries contribute substantially to local subsistence and market economies [1] and [2], while the offshore tuna fisheries are particularly valuable national assets [1] and [3]. Marine capture fisheries typically dominate the fisheries of PICTs [4] although TCL production in recent decades has seen a gradual decline, similar to global fishery

trends [5], [6] and [7]. The industrialisation of fisheries since the 1950s has led to the well documented overexploitation of marine resources with a number of fisheries collapsing [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14] and [15]. There is overwhelming evidence that human activities are profoundly altering marine ecosystems on a global scale [16], [17] and [18]. Of particular concern are the environmental changes that human activity is causing to the functioning of coral reef ecosystems that support fisheries upon which millions of people, including all of the PICTs, depend [19]. One of the responses to declining capture fisheries has been a dramatic rise in aquaculture production. With a global reduction in wild capture of more than 0.5 million tonnes per year from 2004 to 2010, aquaculture has been increasing in production at approximately 2.5 million tonnes per year over the same period [20]. Globally, aquaculture contributed 63.

O objetivo desta abordagem foi o de tentar criar um novo encerramento

da ansa, desta vez endoscópico, utilizando os tecidos sãos proximais à deiscência e excluindo-a deste modo do contacto com o conteúdo luminal. A possibilidade de encerramento luminal completo, utilizado deliberadamente neste caso clínico, foi descrito como efeito adverso da técnica em 2 casos de uma série publicada já em 201224. A evolução clínica e laboratorial foi rápida, com www.selleckchem.com/epigenetic-reader-domain.html resolução do quadro séptico após 3 dias e restabelecimento da via oral após uma semana. Imagiologicamente comprovou-se o encerramento de todo o trajeto fistuloso por tomografia computorizada e exame contrastado. Concluindo, descreve-se o encerramento de uma deiscência pós-cirúrgica por método endoscópico, nomeadamente com o sistema OTSC, realizado mediante uma variante da técnica descrita, uma vez que o encerramento da deiscência não foi realizado diretamente, mas sim através da aplicação do clip a montante desta, em mucosa sã, permitindo o seu encerramento e resolução do quadro supurativo e de sépsis toraco-abdominal por segunda intenção. A ausência de estudos prospetivos comparativos da utilização de técnicas Ganetespib in vivo endoscópicas no encerramento de deiscências cirúrgicas determina que a escolha do método terapêutico deva ser individualizada, considerando não só as características das fístulas como a experiência do operador. Os autores declaram que para esta investigação não se realizaram

experiências em seres humanos e/ou animais. Os autores declaram que não aparecem dados de pacientes neste artigo. Os autores declaram ter recebido consentimento escrito dos pacientes e/ou sujeitos mencionados no artigo. O autor para correspondência deve estar na posse deste documento. Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses. “
“A amiloidose é uma entidade rara

caracterizada pela deposição extracelular de proteínas fibrilares anormais insolúveis em vários tecidos ou órgãos e que caracteristicamente coram com o Vermelho do Congo. A classificação dos tipos de amiloidose baseia-se na identificação da proteína precursora que forma os respetivos depósitos1, 2 and 3. A amiloidose primária (imunoglobulinas monoclonais de cadeias leves, AL) constitui o tipo mais comum de amiloidose e está associada a discrasia de células (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate plasmáticas e à presença de cadeias leves monoclonais no soro e/ou na urina4. Os órgãos mais comumente afetados são o coração e os rins5. Cerca de 15% destes doentes apresentam mieloma múltiplo, sendo este o tipo de amiloidose que mais frequentemente envolve o trato gastrointestinal, podendo afetar qualquer parte do tubo digestivo e apresentar-se de forma distinta consoante a sua localização2 and 4. As manifestações clínicas e endoscópicas são inespecíficas, podendo mimetizar outras doenças do foro digestivo2, 3, 4 and 6. A amiloidose primária (AL) raramente se apresenta com hemorragia gastrointestinal aguda, especialmente na ausência de doença noutra parte do organismo5.

The value chain module of the Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) software system [8] as developed by Christensen et al. [9] served as the structuring element for the analysis. The value chain module was used to describe the flow of seafood products from fishing fleets through the various enterprises of the fisheries sector and on through to the ultimate consumer. Selleckchem ZVADFMK For each step this

involved an evaluation of the revenue, cost, employment, and salaries per unit weight of production, in order to obtain overall estimates for contribution of the entire fisheries sector to the economy of and employment in Peru. The study was based on information about the fisheries sector collected for 2009 or averaged over the period 2009–2012. Metric ton (t) of fish was used as the fundamental unit throughout the analysis. Employment was estimated based on the number of people employed per t processed per day, scaled to annual employment based on annual production figures. All revenue and cost figures were expressed

in US$. The first step of the value chain analysis was to define the various enterprises that form learn more part of the sector, (see Table 1 for an overview). For each enterprise, the revenue, cost of operation, and employment was then evaluated in considerable detail. A data file with the combined ecosystem model and value chain data is available on request from the corresponding author. All estimates for landings, processing (seafood input destined for reduction, curing,

freezing, and canning, as well as output), internal consumption (by type of product; e.g., cans of fish, fresh fish) and exports (by product) Tolmetin were obtained from the official statistics of the Peruvian Ministry of Production (PRODUCE). Landings per fishing gear/fleet were reconstructed from the official data of Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) data for the artisanal fleets, and the official data from PRODUCE data for the industrial fleets. The number of fishers was estimated as the product of the number of vessels per fleet and the average crew size. The number of vessels was obtained from PRODUCE, IMARPE, and Estrella et al. [10]. The average crew size was estimated based on: (i) interviews with artisanal fishermen (n=60) and vessel owners (n=25) along the coast; (ii) direct observations; and (iii) literature including, Alfaro-Shigueto et al. [11] and Estrella et al. [10]. Gender ratios for all enterprises was based on direct observations. In order to estimate employment in fishmeal and fish oil processing plants, the number of factories that were operating in 2009 were divided in four groups based on processing capacity. The number of people employed in each group was estimated using information gathered in interviews with fishmeal entrepreneurs, fishmeal plant owners and workers, and other key informants.

It is unknown how much of the substance was found at the location where exposure occurred. After sampling by the local Fire Department of the substance found on a trampoline, emergent analysis of the unknown substance identified it as permethrin. Subsequently, the patients were diagnosed with acute permethrin poisoning. Patient #1 is a five-year-old previously healthy female who, along with her siblings, had bathed a puppy, poured the unknown chemical on a trampoline, then played with it and possibly ingested

some of it. Eight hours following suspected ingestion, she presented to an outside Emergency Department (ED) with symptoms of increased lacrimation, salivation, bronchorrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, and significant respiratory depression and altered mental status. She was intubated, volume-resuscitated and administered two doses of 1 mg atropine, FDA-approved Drug Library then transferred to the PICU at our facility. Upon admission, she manifested symptoms of excessive secretions and pinpoint pupils. Hence, she was given two further doses of 1 mg atropine with no therapeutic response. The patient continued to be comatose with no response to anticholinergic management; hence, the chemical found at the site of exposure was emergently analyzed and determined to be permethrin and not organophosphate, AZD8055 as initially suspected. The existing literature was reviewed, poison control was contacted again and further treatment was discussed as being mainly supportive. Continuous bedside electroencephalogram

(EEG) monitoring was performed because of the potential for permethrin to cause subclinical status epilepticus. Subsequently, benzodiazepine therapy was initiated. The patient remained comatose and on mechanical ventilation with poor deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, pinpoint pupils,

increased secretions and diarrhea, and elevated body temperature for one week. Head computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were reported as negative. She was started on gabapentin for possible paresthesia, a known association with permethrin toxicity. After eight days, click here the patient was extubated after demonstrating improved responsiveness, normal pupils, and decreased secretions. Patient #2 is a six-year-old female with similar exposure history. As this patient was related to Patient #1, diagnosis was made again based on the chief complaint and history of present illness, suspected ingestion of permethrin. Her initial presentation was not as severe as her sister’s, and did not require intubation at the outside ED. She received one dose of atropine and was transferred to the PICU for observation. After a few hours, her mental status deteriorated and she was intubated to protect her airway from excessive secretions. Unlike Patient #1, she also demonstrated signs of aspiration pneumonitis and abnormal motor movements. Her course was otherwise similar with high fever, pinpoint pupils, altered mental status, muscle weakness, profuse secretions and diarrhea.

This suggests a realized heritability of 0.439, 0.571 and 0.518 from the single plant selection for seedling ST from the three BC2F2 populations. The initial screen for DT under the severe field drought conditions in Hainan resulted in 19 (4.0%), 29 (6.0%) and 33 (6.9%) plants with obviously higher fertility and GY than HHZ selected from the

HHZ/IR64, HHZ/AT354 and HHZ/C418 BC2F2 populations (Fig. 1). However, the severe drought in the progeny testing under the controlled conditions of the greenhouse in Beijing killed HHZ (no yield), but 12, 23 and 8 BC2F3 lines from the three populations survived and produced seeds, resulting in a realized heritability of 0.632, 0.793 and 0.242 from the single plant Selleck PFT�� selection for DT from the three BC2F2 populations in Hainan. When evaluated under the mild drought stress in Hainan during the 2011–2012 DS, 8 of the 43 DT selected ILs showed significantly higher GY than HHZ, and none of them had lower GY than HHZ (Table 1), indicating that the selection for DT was highly effective. When the 189 ILs were evaluated under drought stress and normal irrigated conditions of Hainan during the 2011–2012 DS, water treatments (T) had highly significant effect on SP600125 order all measured

traits, but this variation component varied considerably among different traits with R2 ranging from 2.3% for PN to 45.7% for FNP. On average, the yield reduction caused by the drought stress was 20% for HHZ (the recipient) but 36.1% for the 189 ILs. Differences among different ILs (G) were highly significant for all measured traits and accounted for an average 36.6% of the total trait variation, ranging from 26.7% for FNP to 53.9% for PH. The T × G interaction was insignificant

for all measured traits, indicating that all ILs performed consistently under drought stress and well watered conditions for the measured traits in this experiment. ANOVA also indicated that ILs from different populations showed significant differences for Tolmetin all measured traits except for PH, ranging from 2.3% for PN to 19.0% for GW. Similarly, different selection schemes had highly significant effects on the mean performances of the ILs for all traits except for SF and GY, ranging from 1.8% for PN to 38.4% for HD. Although all were highly significant, ILs selected from different populations (P) showed much greater trait variation than ILs obtained from different selection schemes (S). The P × S interaction was also significant for all measured traits, indicating that selection efficiency on any specific trait varied depending on the population (donor). Under normal irrigated conditions in Hainan, the 64 ILs selected for HY in Beijing had an average yield of 24.9 g per plant, or 13.2% higher than HHZ (Table 2). Of these, 8 ILs had significantly higher GY than HHZ, resulting primarily from increased SNP/FNP (Table 3). The remaining ILs had the same GY as HHZ.

Intermediate levels were observed in the skeletal muscles, spleen, thymus and placenta, whereas minimal levels (<0.25 fold of blood levels) were in brain, spinal cord and fetus. Thus, Ticagrelor was deemed effectively excluded from the brain and spinal tissues by the blood brain barrier. Ticagrelor and its metabolite (main

circulating metabolite of Ticagrelor and active Baf-A1 nmr at the P2Y12 receptor) were evaluated for activity at more than 300 secondary targets using in vitro radioligand binding, enzyme, and electrophysiological assays. When tested at a single concentration of 10 μM, neither Ticagrelor nor metabolite caused inhibition of radioligand binding at the D1, D2L and D4.2 receptors. Ticagrelor displaced [125I] Iometopane (RTI-55) from the human dopamine transporter recombinantly expressed in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, with a pKi value of 6.79 ± 0.05 (0.202 μM, mean ± standard deviation, n = 4 separate experiments; Figure 4A). The rat free systemic exposure maximal concentration (Cmax) in the high dose group of 0.502 μM (based on 99.0%

protein binding) was above the Ticagrelor IC50 of DAT, but rat free systemic exposure in the mid and low dose group Cmax values of 0.157 and 0.043 μM were below the Ticagrelor IC50 of DAT. The human GSK1120212 cell line free systemic Cmax in clinical studies of 0.012 μM (based on 99.2% protein binding) was more than one log below the

Ticagrelor IC50 of DAT. The metabolite inhibited radioligand binding at the dopamine transporter with a pKi value of 6.12 ± 0.08 (0.8 μM, mean ± standard deviation, n = 4; Figure 4B). The rat and human free systemic Cmax values were more than one log below the metabolite IC50 of DAT. Ticagrelor treated ovariectomized rats were treated for four days with Ticagrelor and then stimulated with estradiol on Day 4 of treatment. Exposure of Ticagrelor and metabolite on Day 1 of dosing were similar to Day 1 and Week 26 exposure in the carcinogenicity bioassay (Table 5). Vehicle control treated rats with estradiol-stimulation IMP dehydrogenase had increased prolactin plasma levels between 3 and 4.5 hours post vehicle treatment and an AUC of 25.24 ± 18.62 (mean ± standard deviation) (Figure 5). At 180 mg/kg/day the peripherally-restricted Ticagrelor all but completely blocked the estradiol-induced prolactin release, with an AUC of 9.7 ± 5.53, which was significantly different from the control group (p < 0.01). Based upon these findings, Ticagrelor was deemed an inhibitor of estrogen-stimulated prolactin release in the female rat, at the dosage tested.

Finally, initial reaction to the questionnaire and whether they had read it more than once was also collected. Outcomes were measured at baseline and one week following receipt of the intervention. At baseline, questionnaires were completed at

the participants’ homes during an interview with the research coordinator. Follow up was by telephone interview with the same coordinator. Self-reported socio-demographic variables, health status variables and prescription details were collected at baseline. Participant characteristics were summarized using means with standard deviations for continuous data and percentages for categorical data. The number of participants reporting increased risk perceptions one week after the intervention was reported as a proportion of all participants. To examine potential differences in the baseline characteristics of participants LGK-974 chemical structure who perceived increased risk versus Caspase-dependent apoptosis those who did not, group comparisons were conducted. There were few missing baseline data (n = 0–5 per variable), which were replaced by the mean group value. To determine whether a change in knowledge or beliefs explained changes in risk perception

as a result of receiving the educational intervention, changes in knowledge and beliefs from pre- to post-intervention were computed for each individual, as well as within and between groups of individuals who reported increased risk perceptions versus those who did not. Correct knowledge pre- and post-intervention was reported as the proportion of individuals endorsing the correct answer for each question. A sub-analysis among participants with potential Glutathione peroxidase for

change, denoted by CAIA, or Change in the Answer from an Incorrect Answer, was also conducted to determine change in knowledge among participants who initially answered a question incorrectly, but subsequently changed to the correct answer at 1-week follow-up. Participants with correct answers at both time-points were thus excluded from the CAIA measure, as there was no potential for cognitive dissonance. An overall score for knowledge was computed as the sum of correct answers (0–4 range). A change in belief was measured by comparing the BMQ-specific-necessity score, specific-concern score and necessity-concern differentials both within and between the increased risk and no increased risk group. Participants who had evidence of both a change in knowledge and a change in beliefs were denoted as having experienced cognitive dissonance. Self-efficacy scores for discontinuing benzodiazepines were compared both within and between RISK groups from baseline to post intervention, as were responses to the query about self-efficacy for tapering benzodiazepines. Participants with missing data for any of the BMQ-specific variables (n = 3) or the self-efficacy variables (n = 7–8) were withdrawn from these analyses.

Pneumonia can often be lethal in this group ofpatients, among severely disabled children, up to 80%of deaths is caused by respiratory problems [7, 8]. Although it is a common clinical knowledge that children with neurological impairment often have respiratory problems, frequency rates have not been estimated. Retrospective prevalence of pneumonias estimates Enzalutamide mouse about 31% per 6 months; from 38% single episodes to 19% recurrent pneumonias per year [9]. A number of factors contribute to respiratory difficulties in handicapped children; several

of these issues coexist and may interact with each other. Many disorders as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), malnutrition, dysphagia, GER, chest wall and spinal deformities, some antiepileptic and myorelaxant drugs as well as several others have been considered as lower IDH inhibitor respiratory infections contributing factors in this group of children [6,8]. Although most of these factors occur in all handicapped children, their relative importance varies between particular groups of patients 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16. and 17.. In this paper, we tried to find the most important differences in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to establish diagnostic and therapeutic procedures giving the best results in this group of children. The authors analyzed the clinical course, diagnostics, outcome and treatment of lower respiratory tract

infections in children with chronic neurological disorders. The group consisted of 72 children, 30 girls and 42 boys, aged from 2 months to 17 years (mean age 3.4 years), with a chronic neurological disorders and recurring lower respiratory tract infections, hospitalized in the Pulmological and Neurological Wards

of Silesian Medical University School. 1. Progressive encephalophaties (PE) n=23 (32%), aged Metalloexopeptidase from 2 months to 13 years (mean age 2.7 years). Into this group patients with following diseases were included: globoid cell leukodystrophy (n=1), GM1 gangliosidosis (n=2), metachromatic leukodystrophy (n=1), Niemann-Pick type A disease (n=1), mucopolisacharidosis (n=2), bifunctional protein deficiency (n=1), nonketotic hiperglicynemia (n=3), ethylomalonic aciduria (n=1), hydantoin-5-propionic aciduria (n=1), Canavan disease (n=2), congenital disorders of glycosylation (n=2), ornithine carbamylase deficiency (n=1), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (n=4) and progressive encephalopathy of unknown origin (n=1). 1. Risk factors for recurrent lower respiratory tract infections: a. Perinatal pathology: congenital pneumonia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respiratory distress in the neonatal period, congenital heart defects. In the study group, children with PE (n=23; 32%) and CP (n=20; 28%) were the most numerous, and the least frequent were patients with neuromuscular diseases (n=6; 8%).

, 2012) (Fig. 2). On the other hand, reductions in sediment fluxes to coastal areas are primarily due to retention within impoundments (Syvitski et al., 2005). Reservoirs now retain 26% of the global sediment flux, resulting in an overall 10% decrease compared to the prehuman sediment load (Syvitski et al., 2005). Overall, these changes in terrestrial sediment fluxes to coastal ecosystems directly affect habitat formation of benthic environments through enhanced sedimentation or coastal erosion. Global fluxes of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to coastal areas have increased due

to human activities (Cloern, 2001 and Galloway et al., 2008), with a doubling of riverine, reactive N and P fluxes in the preceding 150 years (Galloway et al., 2004 and Mackenzie et al., 2002), and a rise in atmospheric

deposition of N from land to coastal areas (Galloway Selisistat in vivo et al., 2004). Increases in these fluxes to the coastal zone are due to agricultural crop and livestock production, fertilizer application, discharge of urban and industrial sewage, and fossil fuel burning (Galloway et al., 2008), as well as removal of the ecosystems’ filtering and buffering capacity (e.g. riparian zones and floodplain wetlands, (Verhoeven et al., 2006). Further substantial increases in riverine fluxes of N and P to coastal areas are projected (Galloway Selleck CHIR-99021 et al., 2004), particularly in tropical regions (Mackenzie et al., 2002). Nutrient loadings to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon, for example, have increased 6-fold for N and 9-fold for P since European settlement in the 19th century (Kroon et al., 2012) (Fig. 2). Excess nutrient inputs to coastal areas increase net primary production and lead to eutrophication either (Cloern, 2001), which in extreme cases causes widespread hypoxia (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008), and contribute to loss of ecosystem diversity, structure and functioning (Lotze et al.,

2006). Modification of terrestrial pollutant fluxes, and consequent declines in reef water quality have resulted in detrimental impacts on physical, ecological and physiological processes of reef-building corals (Coles and Jokiel, 1992 and Fabricius, 2011). Compared to other terrestrial pollutants, the effects of changes in freshwater fluxes on coral reefs have received relatively little attention. Proxy records from coral cores indicate both enhanced (Hendy et al., 2002) and reduced (Prouty et al., 2009) freshwater fluxes into tropical waters since the late 19th century. Cases of coral mortality, bleaching and disease, associated with reduced salinity due to extreme rainfall, land runoff, and groundwater discharge, have been documented on coral reefs around the world (Coles and Jokiel, 1992). Conversely, reduced freshwater fluxes may result in increased salinity in coastal embayments, detrimentally affecting downstream coral communities (Porter et al., 1999).