The antibacterial activity of ZZ1 was highest against the strain AB09V, followed by AB0902 and then AB0901, based on the minimum

phage concentration required to form clear spots at 37°C. The natural resistance mechanisms of AB0901 and AB0902 against ZZ1 are worth further investigation in future studies. With respect to its life cycle in the sensitive strain AB09V, ZZ1 proliferates efficiently, with a short latent period (9 min), a large burst size (200 PFU/ml), and a high adsorption rate. Remarkably, only less than 50 CFU/ml of the AB09V cells PLX3397 chemical structure remained viable 30 min after NU7441 cost AB09V cells were mixed with ZZ1 particles at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 at 37 °C. Moreover, ZZ1 exhibited the most powerful antibacterial activity at temperatures ranging from 35°C to 39°C, suggesting that the phage would be highly effective when placed inside the body at normal or near normal body temperature. In addition, ZZ1 was stable over a wide pH range (4-9) and was strongly resistant to heat. All of these features have implications for the use of this phage as a stable therapeutic agent for the treatment of A. baumannii infections, especially mTOR inhibitor those caused by the strain most sensitive to the phage, AB09V. The differences in the antibacterial activity of ZZ1

against the strains tested will be the focus of our future research both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions This study provides information about a novel virulent A. baumannii phage. Our future research will examine

the application of this characterized phage in treating infections by A. baumannii clinical isolates both in vivo and in vitro. Methods Bacterial strains and Identification Twenty-three clinical strains of A. baumannii were used in this study for phage isolation and phage host investigation. All of these strains were isolated from the sputum of hospitalized patients at the Henan Province People’s Hospital in Zhengzhou, China. After obtaining the approval of the Life Science Ethics Committee of Zhengzhou University and written informed consent, sputum samples were collected for the purposes of Amoxicillin this study. The automated system BD Phoenix (Becton Dickinson Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD, USA) was used on clinical samples for the identification of bacteria and for antibiotic susceptibility tests. Only 3 of the 23 strains could be lysed by ZZ1; these were lysed to varying degrees. Therefore, the 3 strains were designated AB09V, AB0901, and AB0902 in our nomenclature. The 3 strains selected for use in this study were further confirmed as A. baumannii using sequence information derived from their 16 S rRNA gene. Briefly, bacterial DNA was isolated as previously described [24]. The extracted DNA was used as the PCR template to amplify the 16 S ribosomal RNA coding regions. The ClustalX 2.0 program and Oligo 4.0 primer analysis software were used for universal primer design based on homology profiles among the 16 S rRNA genes of A.

Agric Syst 70:493–513CrossRef Meinke H, Howden SM, Struik PC, Nelson R, Rodriguez D, Chapman SC (2009) Adaptation science for agriculture and natural resource management—urgency Z-IETD-FMK price and theoretical basis. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 1:69–76. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cosust.​2009.​07.​007 CrossRef Meyer R (2011) The public values failures

of climate science in the US. Minerva 49:47–70. doi:10.​1007/​s11024-011-9164-4 CrossRef Meyer JR, Campbell CL, Moser TJ, Hess GR, Rawlings JO, Peck S, Heck WW (1992) Indicators of the ecological status of agroecosystems. In: McKenzie DE, Hyatt DE, McDonald VJ (eds) Ecological indicators. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 629–658CrossRef Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform (1999) Agricultural statistics in 1997. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/wnt-c59-c59.html Directorate of Planning and Statistics, Division of Agricultural Statistics, Damascus, Syria Ministry of Agriculture AZD1480 cost and Agrarian Reform (2000) The annual agricultural abstract. Directorate of Planning and Statistics, Division of Agricultural Statistics, Damascus, Syria Moeller C, Pala M, Manschadi AM, Meinke H, Sauerborn J (2007) Assessing the sustainability of wheat-based cropping systems using APSIM: model parameterisation and evaluation. Aust J Agric Res 58:75–86CrossRef

Moeller C, Smith I, Asseng S, Ludwig F, Telcik N (2008) The potential value of seasonal forecasts of rainfall categories—case studies from the wheatbelt in Western Australia’s Mediterranean region. Agric For Meteorol 148:606–618. doi:10.​1016/​j.​agrformet.​2007.​11.​004 CrossRef Moeller C, Asseng S, Berger J, Milroy SP (2009) Plant available soil Cyclooxygenase (COX) water at sowing in Mediterranean environments—is it a useful criterion to aid nitrogen fertiliser and sowing decisions? Field Crops Res 114:127–136. doi:10.​1016/​j.​fcr.​2009.​07.​012 CrossRef Mohanty M, Probert ME, Reddy KS, Dalal RC, Mishra AK, Rao AS, Singh M, Menzies NW (2012) Simulating soybean–wheat cropping system: APSIM model

parameterization and validation. Agric Ecosyst Environ 152:68–78CrossRef Möller C (2004) Sustainable management of a wheat–chickpea rotation in a Mediterranean environment: scenario analyses using a cropping systems simulator. Agroecology 6. APIA, Laubach, Germany Monteith JL (1996) The quest for balance in crop modeling. Agron J 88:695–697CrossRef Mrabet R, Saber N, El-Brahli A, Lahlou S, Bessam F (2001) Total, particulate organic matter and structural stability of a Calcixeroll soil under different wheat rotations and tillage systems in a semiarid area of Morocco. Soil Tillage Res 57:225–235CrossRef Muchow RC, Keating BA (1998) Assessing irrigation requirements in the Ord Sugar Industry using a simulation modelling approach. Aust J Exp Agric 38:345–354CrossRef Murray-Prior RB, Whish J, Carberry P, Dalgliesh N (2005) Lucerne improves some sustainability indicators but may decrease profitability of cropping rotations on the Jimbour Plain.

PubMed 5. Wünsche L: Importance of bacteriophages in fermentation processes. Acta Biotechnol 1989, 9:395–419.CrossRef 6. Misenheimer T, Anderson R, Lagoda A, Tyler D: Production of 2-ketogluconic acid by Serratia marcescens. Appl Environ Microbiol 1965, 13:393–396. 7. Kulka D, Hall A, Walker T: Formation of selleck compound 2-keto-D-gluconic acid, 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, and tartronic acid by Acetobacter species. this website Nature 1951, 167:905–906.PubMedCrossRef 8. Pfeifer V, Vojnovich C, Heger E, Nelson G, Haynes W: Production of calcium 2-ketogluconate by fermentation with species of pseudomones. Ind Eng Chem 1958, 50:1009–1012.CrossRef 9. Sun W, Zhao F, Zhao S, Qin L, Guo J, Liu J: Effects of the bacteriophages

on 2-keto-D-gluconic acid fermentation in industrial process. Food Sci 2005, 26:36–41. In Einglish 10. Zhao F, Sun W, Wang M, Zhang J, Jiang M: Selection of phage-resistant mutants from 2-keto-D-gluconic acid producing strain Pseudomonas fluorescens Dasatinib supplier K1005. Ind Microbiol 2000, 30:45–49. In Chinese 11. Sun W, Zhao F, Guo J, Yang Q, Jia Z, Jiang M: Selection of phage-resistant mutants from 2-keto-D-gluconic acid producing strain Arthrobacter globiformis K1022. Food Fermn Ind 2002, 28:36–39. In Chinese

12. Sun W, Yang Q, Zhao F, Ma H, Qin L, Liu J: Selection of phage-resistant mutants from 2-keto-D-gluconic acid producing strain Pseudomonas fluorescens A46. Food Sci 2005, 26:67–70. In Chinese 13. Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA: Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses: eighth report of the international committee on the taxonomy of viruses. Academic, San Diego; 2005. 14. Villion M, Moineau S: Bacteriophages of Lactobacillus. Front Biosci 2009, 14:1661–1683.PubMedCrossRef 15. Sillankorva S, Neubauer P, Azeredo J: Isolation and characterization of a T7-like lytic phage for Pseudomonas fluorescens. BMC Biotechnol 2008, 8:80.PubMedCrossRef 16. Keel C, Ucurum Z, Michaux ADP ribosylation factor P, Adrian M, Haas D: Deleterious impact of a virulent bacteriophage on survival and biocontrol activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 in natural soil. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 2002, 15:567–576.PubMedCrossRef 17. Lu Z, Breidt F, Fleming H, Altermann E, Klaenhammer

T: Isolation and characterization of a Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriophage, ΦJL-1, from a cucumber fermentation. Int J Food Microbiol 2003, 84:225–235.PubMedCrossRef 18. Abedon ST, Culler RR: Optimizing bacteriophage plaque fecundity. J Theor Biol 2007, 249:582–592.PubMedCrossRef 19. Wang IN, Dykhuizen DE, Slobodkin LB: The evolution of phage lysis timing. Evol Ecol 1996, 10:545–558.CrossRef 20. Adams MH, Anderson E, Kellenberger E: Bacteriophages. Interscience, New York; 1959. 21. Carey‒Smith GV, Billington C, Cornelius AJ, Hudson JA, Heinemann JA: Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages infecting Salmonella spp. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006, 258:182–186.CrossRef 22. Gómez P, Buckling A: Bacteria-phage antagonistic coevolution in soil. Science 2011, 332:106–109.

CrossRefPubMed 30. Devereaux

BM, Sherman S, Lehman GA: Sphincter of Oddi LY333531 (pancreatic) hypertension and recurrent pancreatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2002, 4:153–159.CrossRefPubMed 31. Gralnek IM, Barkun AN, Bardou M: Management of acute bleeding from a peptic ulcer. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:928–937.CrossRefPubMed 32. Schwartz MP, Samsom M, Smout AJ: Manometric artefacts suggesting compression of the duodenum by the superior mesenteric artery in healthy humans. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2001, 13:143–149.CrossRefPubMed 33. Tsuei BJ, Schwartz RW: Management of the difficult duodenum. Curr Surg 2004, 61:166–171.CrossRefPubMed 34. Beris P, Munoz M, Garcia-Erce JA, Thomas D, Maniatis A, Van der Linden P: Perioperative anaemia management: consensus statement on the role of intravenous iron. Br J Anaesth 2008, 100:599–604.CrossRefPubMed 35. Mazaki T, Ebisawa K: Enteral versus parenteral nutrition after gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in the English literature. J

Gastrointest Surg 2008, 12:739–755.CrossRefPubMed 36. Jeejeebhoy KN: Enteral nutrition versus Selleckchem QNZ parenteral nutrition – the risks and benefits. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 4:260–265.CrossRefPubMed Competing interests There are no competing interests. The authors have no actual or potential political or financial interest in the publication of this paper in terms of material, information or techniques described. 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase The authors have received no financial incentive to Selleck Enzalutamide contribute to this paper. The authors certify no commercial associations that may pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. Authors’ contributions PP – Study conception and design, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of manuscript, critical revision. WD – Acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data,

drafting of manuscript. KL – Analysis and interpretation of data, critical revision. CAH – Analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of manuscript, critical revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Many pathological conditions of spleen predispose it to spontaneous rupture, diagnosis of which can be delayed due to its unusual presentation. Splenectomy is often required for splenic rupture, both for its acute and chronic presentations. Chronic splenic rupture may be associated with dense peri splenic adhesions making this surgery a difficult one. In such a scenario, avoidance of iatrogenic trauma to neighboring organs is of paramount importance. Sub capsular Splenectomy (from within the pseudo capsule formed due to inflammation) is an alternative technique and allows a safe splenectomy in cases having dense peri splenic adhesions. Case report KSM, a 50 year old man presented with severe pain over left hypochondrium and left lower chest wall, moderate fever on and off for one month. Pain increased on deep inspiration and radiated to left shoulder.

Singer S, Maki RG, O’Sullivan B: Soft tissue sarcoma. In DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 9th edition. Edited by: DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA, DePinho RA, Weinberg RA. Philadelphia PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011:Chapter 115. 21. Zetser

A, Levy-Adam F, Kaplan V, Gingis-Velitski S, Bashenko Y, Schubert S, Flugelman MY, Vlodavsky I, Ilan N: FXR agonist inhibitor Processing and activation of latent heparanase occurs in lysosomes. J Cell Sci 2004, 117:2249–2258.PubMedCrossRef 22. Cohen-Kaplan V, Doweck I, Naroditsky I, Vlodavsky I, Ilan N: Heparanase augments epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation: correlation with head and neck tumor progression. Cancer Res 2008, 68:10077–10085.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 23. Cohen-Kaplan Daporinad solubility dmso V, Naroditsky I, Zetser A, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Doweck I: Heparanase induces VEGF C and facilitates tumor lymphangiogenesis. Int J Cancer 2008, 123:2566–2573.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

24. Masola V, Maran C, Tassone E, Zin A, Rosolen A, Onisto M: Heparanase activity in alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma: implications for tumor invasion. BMC Cancer 2009, 9:304.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 25. Friedmann Y, learn more Vlodavsky I, Aingorn H, Aviv A, Peretz T, Pecker I, Pappo O: Expression of heparanase in normal, dysplastic, and neoplastic human colonic mucosa and stroma. Evidence for its role in colonic tumorigenesis. Am J Pathol 2000, 157:1167–1175.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 26. Koliopanos A, Friess H, Kleeff J, Shi X, Liao Q, Pecker I, Vlodavsky I, Zimmermann A, Buchler MW: Heparanase expression in primary and metastatic pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2001, 61:4655–4659.PubMed 27. Maxhimer JB, Quiros RM, Stewart R, Dowlatshahi K, Gattuso P, Fan M, Prinz RA, Xu X: Heparanase-1 Sinomenine expression is associated with the metastatic potential of breast cancer. Surgery 2002, 132:326–333.PubMedCrossRef 28. Wang LL, Yustein

J, Louis C, Russell HV, Pappo AS, Paulino A, Nuchtern JG, Chintagumpala M: Solid Tumors of Childhood. In DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 9th edition. Edited by: DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA, DePinho RA, Weinberg RA. Philadelphia PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011:Chapter 123. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions OK carried out the histological staining and collected the clinical data. NI was responsible for the heparanase laboratory, including the staining, and helped to draft the manuscript. IN and OBI deciphered the stained samples. IV participated in the design of the study and helped to draft the manuscript. GB analyzed the pathological and clinical data, made the statistical analysis, and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Gastric carcinoma (GC) remains one of the most common and lethal malignancies worldwide [1].

000 g for 20 min at 4°C). Supernatant was mixed with FOX reagent (250 mmol/L ammonium ferrous sulfate, 100 mmol/L xylenol orange, 25 mmol/L H2SO4 and 4 mmol/L BHT in 90% methanol) and incubated at room temperature for 20 min. The absorbance of the sample was read at 560 nm in a spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis Data are expressed as mean ± standard error. The dependent variables were tested by unpaired Student’s t test. Cohen’s d effect size (Cr group minus placebo group divided by the standard deviation pooled) was also calculated for dependent variables. The level of significance was selleck kinase inhibitor previously set at p < 0.05. Results As shown in Table 1, there were no significant differences in hemodynamic parameters

between groups following the intervention. Table 1 Hemodynamic parameters following either creatine (Cr) or placebo supplementation Hemodynamic parameters Placebo Cr Effect Size p value Systolic arterial blood pressure (mmHg) Erastin ic50 203 ± 7.2 187 ± 5.8 -0.85

0.11 Diastolic arterial blood pressure (mmHg) 143 ± 5.3 130 ± 5.4 -0.82 0.12 Mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg) 172 ± 6.1 157 ± 5.8 -0.82 0.10 Heart rate (beats.min-1) 329 ± 14.6 323 ± 8.2 -0.18 0.73 Additionally, no significant differences between groups were shown in heart this website weight, cardiomyocyte width, and cardiac collagen content (Table 2). Lipid hydroperoxidation also remained unchanged in the coronary artery, heart, plasma, plantaris, and EDL (Table 3). Table 2 Heart structure following either Cr or placebo supplementation Heart structure Placebo Cr Effect Size p value Heart weight

(g) 4.0 ± 0.20 3.8 ± 0.01 0.83 0.38 Cardiomyocyte width (μm) 14.1 ± 0.4 15.1 ± 0.4 -0.86 0.13 Cardiac collagen content (%) 9.1 ± 0.6 8.5 ± 0.5 0.30 0.49 Table 3 Lipid hydroperoxides following either Cr or placebo supplementation Tissue Placebo Cr Effect Size p value Carotid artery (mmol.mg-1 of total protein) PIK3C2G 12.2 ± 1.7 12.6 ± 1.5 -0.14 0.87 Heart (mmol.mg-1 of total protein) 14.6 ± 1.1 11.5 ± 1.8 0.74 0.15 Plasma (mmol.mg-1 of total protein) 56.0 ± 3.2 67.7 ± 9.1 -0.76 0.19 Plantaris muscles (mmol.mg-1 of total protein) 9.0 ± 0.8 10.0 ± 0.8 -0.35 0.40 EDL muscles (mmol.mg-1 of total protein) 17.2 ± 1.5 14.9 ± 1.4 0.73 0.30 Comments Cr intake failed to attenuate oxidative stress in the cardiovascular system (i.e., heart and artery) as well in other tissues (i.e., plasma and skeletal muscle) in SHR. Furthermore, Cr did not affect either the heart structure or the hemodynamic parameters. Altogether, these data suggest that Cr supplementation does not exert therapeutically relevant effects in a model of SHR. It has been speculated that the coupling of Cr with ATP into the mitochondria could attenuate the formation of reactive oxygen species by stimulating the respiration rate and reducing the free energy required for ATP synthesis [8]. Furthermore, Cr appears to act as a direct scavenger of radical species in face of oxidative stress [8, 9].

Therefore, the formation of ZnO, according to the above proposed mechanism, is due to the high basicity of the reaction medium, which causes an increase in the concentration of the precursors (zinc hydroxide complexes) and an increase in the chemical potential of hydroxide selleck inhibitor ions [34]. BET surface area In general, specific surface area is a significant microstructural parameter of materials particles, which depends on

the geometrical shape and porosity. It is also well known that a large surface area could be an important factor, prompting the photocatalytic degradation of organic materials [35]. The specific surface areas and pore www.selleckchem.com/products/Belinostat.html volumes of our ZnO, prepared in either EtOH or H2O medium, are presented in Table  1. It is clear from the table that the BET surface area and pore volumes are observed to change marginally by changing the reaction medium. Interestingly, our results showed that in comparison with the morphology of ZnO nanoparticles, the surface area is not a significant

parameter in photocatalytic activity; ZnO prepared in ethanol with higher efficiency (see Table  1) has somewhat lower surface area (7.51 m2/g) in comparison with ZnO prepared in H2O (12.41 m2/g). Lower photocatalytic activity of ZnO prepared in H2O can be attributed to the shape and morphology as we will discuss on details later on. Table 1 BET surface area and pore volume of calcined selleck screening library ZnO nanoparticles, prepared either in EtOH or H 2 O Sample BET-SA (m2/g) Pore volume (cm3/g) ZnOE 7.51 0.02 ZnOW 12.41 0.05 DRIFT investigation Figure  1 shows the DRIFT spectra of the uncalcined ZnO nanoparticles, prepared in either H2O or EtOH medium. The absorption bands in the region of 600 to 400 cm-1 include those for crystal (lattice) and coordinated water as well as ZnO.

The absorption bands for ZnO are weak Vorinostat ic50 and overlap with those of rotational H-O-H vibration and vibrational of trapped H2O. The asymmetric and symmetric stretching H-O-H vibration bands are observed between 3,600 and 3,200 cm-1, while the bending H-O-H vibration bands are observed between 1,630 and 1,600 cm-1[36, 37]. The doublet band at approximately 1,400 cm-1 can be ascribed to H-O-H bending vibrations. The bands, observed between 880 and 650 cm-1, can be attributed to the bending vibrational modes (wagging, twisting, and rocking) of coordinated water molecules. The water diagnosis by DRIFT is in agreement with the ICP-prediction of water presence in the uncalcined ZnOW and ZnOE samples (see synthesis in the ‘Method’ section). Figure 1 DRIFT spectra of uncalcined ZnO nanoparticles, prepared either in EtOH (ZnO E ) or H 2 O.

The study was registered with the EU Clinical Trials Register (EudraCT no.: 2009-016959-21). Study Sample Women going through the menopause were enrolled in the study if they were aged ≥50 years; if they had experienced amenorrhea for >12 months; and if, during

a routine gynecologic consultation, they had spontaneously complained of hot MM-102 price flashes that had started <2 years previously and had significant repercussions on their social and/or professional life of ≥40 mm on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) ranging from 0 to 100 mm, with a mean frequency of ≥5 hot flashes per day during the 48 hours preceding study enrollment. Women were excluded if they were receiving or had this website ever received HRT; if they were receiving or had received (within 2 weeks prior to enrollment) β-alanine (Abufène®), food supplements (phytoestrogens, etc.), vitamin E, or courses of acupuncture aimed at relieving hot flashes; or if they were receiving or had received (within 1 week prior to enrollment)

other homeopathic treatments aimed at relieving hot flashes. Other exclusion criteria included menopause induced artificially by surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy; hot flashes that could be iatrogenic in origin or could be caused by an associated pathology; receiving treatments that could reduce the frequency of hot flashes, such as antihypertensive treatment with clonidine, antidepressant treatment with SNRIs (venlafaxine), SSRIs (citalopram, paroxetine), mirtazapine (a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant), click here or antiepileptic treatment with gabapentin;

and a risk MRIP of not complying with the protocol. All patients were able to understand, read, and write French, were affiliated with a social security plan, and gave their written informed consent to participate in the study. Study Treatments The treatment evaluated in this study, BRN-01 (Acthéane®, a homeopathic medicine registered in France for menopausal hot flashes and manufactured by Laboratoires Boiron, Sainte Foy-lès-Lyon, France), was in the form of tablets consisting of dilutions of the following five homeopathic medications: Actaea racemosa (4 centesimal dilutions [4CH]), Arnica montana (4CH), Glonoinum (4CH), Lachesis mutus (5CH), and Sanguinaria canadensis (4CH). The placebo tablets were identical in appearance to the active tablets but included only saccharose (75%), lactose (24%), magnesium stearate E572 (1%), and purified water without any homeopathic dilutions. All treatments were in the same packaging. Laboratoires Boiron provided BRN-01, its matching placebo, and financial support for the study. Randomization and allocation were carried out centrally by Laboratoires Boiron and generated using the random function of SAS (version 9.2) software.

J Colloid Interface Sci 78:2l2–2l6CrossRef Hirsch RE, Zukin RS, Nagel RL (1980b) Intrinsic fluorescence emission of intact oxy hemoglobins. learn more Biochem Biophys Res Commun 93:432–439CrossRefPubMed Jursinic P, Govindjee (1979) Photosynthesis and fast changes in light emission by green plants. Photochem Photobiol

Rev 4:125–205 Malmberg JH (1957) CYT387 mw Millimicrosecond duration light source. Rev Sci Instr 28:1027–1030CrossRef Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee (eds) (2004) Chlorophyll a fluorecence: a signature of photosynthesis. Springer, Dordrecht (reprinted in 2010 in softcover) Papageorgiou GC, Alygizaki-Zorba A, Loukas S, Brody SS (1996) Photodynamic effect of hypericin on photosynthetic selleck kinase inhibitor electron transport and fluorescence of Anacystis nidulans (Synechococcus 6301). Photosynth Res 48:221–226CrossRef Porter G, Tredwell CJ, Searle GFW, Barber J (1978) Picosecond time-resolved energy transfer in Porphyridium cruentum. Biochim Biophys Acta 501:232–245CrossRefPubMed Rabinowitch E, Brody SS (1958) Transferts d’energie et photosynthése. J Chim Phys 55:925–933 Rabinowitch E, Govindjee (1960)

Two forms of chlorophyll a in vivo with distinct photochemical functions. Science 132:355–356CrossRefPubMed Rich M, Brody SS (1981) A quantitative comparison of chlorophyll bilayers formed with and without solvent. Photochem Photobiol 33:271–274CrossRef Rich M, Brody SS (1982) Role of various carotenoids in mediating electron transfer sensitized by chlorophyll and pheophytin. FEBS Lett 143:45–48CrossRef Rich M, DeStrulle R, Ferrara G, Brody SS (1992) Dihydroxy-carotenoids inhibit phtotoxicity in Paramecium caudatum. Photochem Photobio 26:413–418 Warden JT, Csatorday K (1987) On the mechanism of linolenic acid inhibition in Photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta 890:215–223CrossRefPubMed”
“Introduction Due to their fast growth, homogeneity as cell populations

and easy handling, microalgae attracted plant biologists as laboratory organisms for the study of the metabolism and physiology Enzalutamide solubility dmso of photosynthetic cells. This led, for example, to the extensive use of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for studying photosynthesis, to such a degree that this alga was nicknamed the green yeast (e.g. Goodenough 1992). Reinforcing the dominant position of Chlamydomonas, the availability of its nuclear genome sequence (Merchant et al. 2007) made also possible the identification of a minimal set of proteins (designated the GreenCut) that were likely involved specifically in chloroplast function within the green lineage. Recent advances in approaching the functions of these proteins are highlighted in this special issue (Grossman et al. 2010).

Nat Biotechnol 2008, 26:1135–1145.PubMedCrossRef Akt inhibitor 21. Pinto AC, Melo-Barbosa HP, Miyoshi A, Silva A, Azevedo V: Application of RNA-seq to reveal the transcript profile

in bacteria. Genet Mol Res 2011, 10:1707–1718.PubMedCrossRef 22. Brigham CJ, Speth DR, Rha C, Sinskey AJ: Whole genome microarray and gene deletion studies reveal regulation of the polyhydroxyalkanoate production cycle by the stringent response in Ralstonia Doramapimod eutropha H16. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012, 78:8033–8044.PubMedCrossRef 23. Fukui T, Chou K, Harada K, Orita I, Nakayama Y, Bamba T, Nakamura S, Fukusaki E: Metabolite profiles of polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing Ralstonia eutropha H16. Metabolomics 2013. 24. Fukui T, Doi Y: Efficient production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from

plant oils by Alcaligenes PLX-4720 manufacturer eutrophus and its recombinant strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1998, 49:333–336.PubMedCrossRef 25. Raberg M, Reinecke F, Reichelt R, Malkus U, König S, Pötter M, Fricke WF, Pohlmann A, Voigt B, Hecker M, Friedrich B, Bowien B, Steinbüchel A: Ralstonia eutropha H16 flagellation changes according to nutrient supply and state of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) accumulation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008, 74:4477–4490.PubMedCrossRef 26. Windhövel U, Bowien B: Identification of cfxR , an activator gene of autotrophic CO 2 fixation in Alcaligenes eutrophus . Mol Microobiol 1991, 5:2695–2705.CrossRef 27. Grzeszik C, Jeffke T, Schäferjohann J, Kusian B, Bowien B: Phosphoenolpyruvate is a signal metabolite in transcriptional control

of the cbb CO 2 fixation operons in Ralstonia eutropha . J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2000, 2:311–320.PubMed 28. Bowien B, Friedrich CG, Friedrich B: Formation of enzymes of autotrophic SPTLC1 metabolism during heterotrophic growth of Alcaligenes eutrophus . J Gen Microbiol 1981, 16:69–78. 29. Kusian B, Bowien B: Organization and regulation of cbb CO 2 assimilation genes in autotrophic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1997, 21:135–155.PubMedCrossRef 30. Raberg M, Bechmann J, Brandt U, Schlüter J, Uischner B, Voigt B, Hecker M, Steinbüchel A: Versatile metabolic adaptations of Ralstonia eutropha H16 to a loss of PdhL, the E3 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011, 77:2254–2263.PubMedCrossRef 31. Brämer CO, Steinbüchel A: The methylcitric acid pathway in Ralstonia eutropha : new genes identified involved in propionate metabolism. Microbiology 2001, 147:2203–2214.PubMed 32. Bruland N, Voss I, Brämer C, Steinbüchel A: Unravelling the C 3 /C 4 carbon metabolism in Ralstonia eutropha H16. J Appl Microbiol 2010, 109:79–90.PubMed 33. Yoon SH, Han MJ, Lee SY, Jeong KJ, Yoo JS: Combined transcriptome and proteome analysis of Escherichia coli during high cell density culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003, 81:753–767.PubMedCrossRef 34. Yang S, Tschaplinski TJ, Engle NL, Carroll SL, Martin SL, Davison BH, Palumbo AV, Rodriguez M, Brown SD: Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling of Zymomonas mobilis during aerobic and anaerobic fermentations.