The thresholds were determined using five ascending and descending series of electrical stimuli with successive intensity changes of 0.02 mA. During the experiment, painful stimuli were presented at twofold pain threshold (mean, M, 0.33 ± 0.09 mA) and nonpainful stimuli at 1.5-fold sensation threshold (M = 0.12 ± 0.04 mA). Visual stimuli comprised 36 naturalistic clips depicting the volar view of a left hand, the index finger of which was either pricked by a needle or touched by a Q-tip. Similar to previous experiments

(e.g. Avenanti et al., 2005; Azevedo et al., 2012; Höfle et al., 2012), both items were attached to a syringe BKM120 datasheet (Fig. 1A). In accordance with our previous study (Höfle et al., 2012), an additional clip of a hand alone was presented. Hand-alone trials were not included in the further analyses because they substantially differed from the needle and Q-tip clip trials, prohibiting the interpretation of effects, particularly with

respect to PDR and EEG. For the same reason, we had refrained from comparing PDRs to the hand-alone clips with PDR to needle or Q-tip clips in our previous study (Höfle et al., 2012). The presentation of each needle and Q-tip clip started with the first frame of the clip, which was presented for 0.8 s. The following 60 frames were presented at a rate of 60 Hz and the last frame of the clip was sustained on the screen for 1.2 s. Participants were seated in front Selleck Cisplatin of an infrared eye-tracking system (iView X, SensoMotoric Instruments, Teltow, Germany) with their heads secured. Visual stimuli were spatiotemporally aligned with the intracutaneous electrical stimuli. Specifically, the participant’s left hand was placed on a board mounted below a flat screen,

so that the position of the hand matched the position of the incorporated hand (i.e. a hand that was perceived as one’s own) on the screen (the setup has been illustrated elsewhere; Fig. 1A in Höfle et al., 2012). Participants were instructed to imagine that the hand on the screen would be their own. Each experimental trial started with the presentation of a clip (Fig. 1A). Simultaneously with the last frame find more depicting the needle that pricked or the Q-tip that touched the index finger of the incorporated hand, participants received a painful or nonpainful electrical stimulus at the index finger of their own hand. Throughout all clips, participants fixated a gray-shaded circle located above the left index finger. Together with the onset of the video clip, the circle filled from surrounding to center and was filled up when the electrical stimulus was presented 1 s after the clip onset. The filling circle was presented to ensure that the same temporal information about the occurrence of the electrical stimulus was provided in all clips. During each trial, pupil size was monitored from the left eye at a sampling rate of 500 Hz.

Lopinavir/ritonavir treatments severely affected the growth of gingival epithelium when the drug was present throughout the growth period. To the best of our knowledge, the correlation between lopinavir/ritonavir levels in blood serum and in oral tissues has not been widely studied. However, earlier studies showed that drug levels were almost equal in blood serum and in saliva [23–25]. Therefore, we assumed that the blood levels of

lopinavir/ritonavir www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-809.html would be the same as in the saliva. As the oral cavity is directly exposed to saliva, we expect that the intracellular concentration of the drug in the oral cavity tissues would be equal or close to its Cmax (9.8 μg/mL). In the present study, at even lower concentrations

of lopinavir/ritonavir (3 and 6 μg/mL), the growth of gingival epithelium was severely inhibited. To examine the http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ink128.html effect of lopinavir/ritonavir on epithelium integrity using TEM, we treated raft cultures at day 8. TEM observations clearly illustrated that lopinavir/ritonavir treatments affected cell-to-cell packing by directly or indirectly reducing desmosome adhesiveness. As desmosomes are intercellular junctions that provide strong adhesion between cells and also give mechanical strength to tissues [19], the results of our study suggest that lopinavir/ritonavir treatments affected gingival epithelium integrity. The results of the present study are consistent with those of our previous study in which amprenavir treatments also affected epithelial growth and integrity [20]. However, the adverse impact of lopinavir/ritonavir on tissue growth and integrity was more severe compared with amprenavir treatments. Our results the support

previous findings that indicated that the use of antiretroviral drugs, including protease inhibitors, resulted in the development of oral complications [6,8–11]. These observations suggest the possibility that the oral epithelium in HIV-infected patients exposed to HAART develops drug-induced abnormalities in the cellular and molecular biology of the tissue which give rise to oral complications. However, our raft culture model is an in vitro model in which the study of growth kinetics is limited to a maximum of 20 days. In contrast, patients undergoing drug therapy have potentially been exposed to these drugs for a numbers of years. As a result, our raft culture system provides a snapshot of the drug effects during a limited growth period. However, the effects of the drugs are representative of the adverse oral effects reported in patients undergoing antiviral therapy. Different cytokeratins are differentially expressed during development and differentiation and vary in different types of epithelia [18,32]. Normally, cytokeratins 5 and 14 are expressed only in the proliferative basal layer of gingival stratified epithelia [28–30].

Lopinavir/ritonavir treatments severely affected the growth of gingival epithelium when the drug was present throughout the growth period. To the best of our knowledge, the correlation between lopinavir/ritonavir levels in blood serum and in oral tissues has not been widely studied. However, earlier studies showed that drug levels were almost equal in blood serum and in saliva [23–25]. Therefore, we assumed that the blood levels of

lopinavir/ritonavir PF-02341066 in vitro would be the same as in the saliva. As the oral cavity is directly exposed to saliva, we expect that the intracellular concentration of the drug in the oral cavity tissues would be equal or close to its Cmax (9.8 μg/mL). In the present study, at even lower concentrations

of lopinavir/ritonavir (3 and 6 μg/mL), the growth of gingival epithelium was severely inhibited. To examine the RG 7204 effect of lopinavir/ritonavir on epithelium integrity using TEM, we treated raft cultures at day 8. TEM observations clearly illustrated that lopinavir/ritonavir treatments affected cell-to-cell packing by directly or indirectly reducing desmosome adhesiveness. As desmosomes are intercellular junctions that provide strong adhesion between cells and also give mechanical strength to tissues [19], the results of our study suggest that lopinavir/ritonavir treatments affected gingival epithelium integrity. The results of the present study are consistent with those of our previous study in which amprenavir treatments also affected epithelial growth and integrity [20]. However, the adverse impact of lopinavir/ritonavir on tissue growth and integrity was more severe compared with amprenavir treatments. Our results Succinyl-CoA support

previous findings that indicated that the use of antiretroviral drugs, including protease inhibitors, resulted in the development of oral complications [6,8–11]. These observations suggest the possibility that the oral epithelium in HIV-infected patients exposed to HAART develops drug-induced abnormalities in the cellular and molecular biology of the tissue which give rise to oral complications. However, our raft culture model is an in vitro model in which the study of growth kinetics is limited to a maximum of 20 days. In contrast, patients undergoing drug therapy have potentially been exposed to these drugs for a numbers of years. As a result, our raft culture system provides a snapshot of the drug effects during a limited growth period. However, the effects of the drugs are representative of the adverse oral effects reported in patients undergoing antiviral therapy. Different cytokeratins are differentially expressed during development and differentiation and vary in different types of epithelia [18,32]. Normally, cytokeratins 5 and 14 are expressed only in the proliferative basal layer of gingival stratified epithelia [28–30].

Although the reverse PreGen4 primer had sequence mismatches with all the Bacteroides sequences, six sequences had 9–11 consecutive matching

sequences at the 3′ end (data not shown). Thus, the PreGen4 primers may potentially result in the nonspecific amplification of Bacteroides sequences described above. GW-572016 supplier Therefore, from the in silico analysis it was concluded that g-Prevo primers are more specific to ruminal Prevotella than PreGen4 primers. Based on their valid coverage and high specificity to ruminal Prevotella, the g-Prevo primers were selected to be used in this study. Real-time PCR quantification of Prevotella revealed that the relative abundance of this genus in the total rumen bacteria of sheep was as high as 19.7% (Table 3). On the other hand, the commonly cultivated ruminal Prevotella species, P. bryantii and P. ruminicola,

accounted for only 0.6% and 3.8%, respectively (Table 3). The relative abundance of Prevotella tended to increase when the animals were switched to a concentrate diet, although one animal showed no difference in the proportion of Prevotella in either diet (data not shown). In order to demonstrate the proportion of classical ruminal bacterial species, the relative abundance of individual species was aggregated (Table 3). The sum of the relative abundance Temozolomide of 12 representative rumen bacterial species in the two dietary conditions accounted for 2.4–4.9% of the total rumen bacteria. The relative abundance of the rumen fibrolytic species (F. succinogenes, R. albus and R. flavefaciens) tended to decrease in concentrate-fed sheep. In particular, the abundance of F. succinogenes decreased significantly (P<0.001)

when the sheep were fed a high-concentrate diet. The DGGE fingerprints of rumen Prevotella from the same diet showed a similar banding pattern and tended to cluster according to the diet, although a certain degree of animal-to-animal variation was observed (Fig. 1). The DGGE fingerprints revealed unique bands for either the hay or the concentrate diet, although there were common banding positions for the two dietary conditions. Comparative analysis of the Niclosamide DGGE profile across diet showed consistently more bands in samples from hay-fed animals (Fig. 1). A total of 139 16S rRNA gene sequences, 60 from sheep on a hay diet and 79 from sheep on a concentrate diet, were subjected to sequence analysis after discarding those suspected to be chimeras. Good’s coverages of the hay and concentrate libraries were 43.3% and 65.8%, respectively. Although the libraries were not comprehensive, we obtained diverse sequences of Prevotella, and diet specificity was supported by both DGGE and library analysis. Based on a 97% sequence similarity criterion (Stackebrandt & Goebel, 1994), only 17 clones (12.2%) from the two libraries were considered to represent the characterized rumen Prevotella species (P. ruminicola or P. bryantii) and the remaining 122 clones (87.

During this task, monkeys were presented with a model object R428 cell line consisting of a varying configuration of square components (Fig. 6A; ‘Model’), and were required to remember the model configuration during a subsequent delay period. At the end of the delay, they were presented with a copy of the preceding model object, identical except that a single component was missing (Fig. 6A; ‘Copy’). The task was for monkeys to localize and replace the missing component, which they did by timing when they pressed a single response key in relation to a choice sequence

(Fig. 6A; ‘1st choice’, ‘2nd choice’) at the end of the trial. The sequential choice method of behavioural report ensured that the locations of object components were not confounded with the direction of the upcoming movement. This facilitated identification of neural signals related to a cognitive analysis of object structure, and made it possible to differentiate these signals from others present in parietal cortex that code the direction of forthcoming movements. However,

it is important to note that, as the construction task did not require monkeys to physically assemble objects, how signals in parietal cortex that PR-171 in vivo reflect object structure ultimately shape motor commands to direct object construction has yet to be addressed. During the copy period when monkeys were required to localize the component that was missing from the copy object relative to the preceding model, the activity of single neurons in area 7a reflected Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor this spatial computation by signalling the location of the missing component (Fig. 6B; Chafee et al., 2005). This neural signal did not reflect the spatial features of the visual input, as neural activity varied to reflect the location of the missing component even when the form and position of the copy object remained constant (Fig. 6B; top row). Neurons were similarly

activated by diverse pairs of model and copy objects that jointly localized the missing component to each neurons preferred position (Fig. 6B; second column from left). Nor did activity reflect a spatial motor plan, as the spatial information coded by neural activity was uncorrelated with the direction of the forthcoming motor response (which did not vary across trials). Rather, the signal appeared to be a cellular correlate of a spatial cognitive process analyzing object structure in order to direct the construction operation, without being correlated with the spatial aspects of individual stimuli presented or movements made during the trial.

5 U rTaq DNA polymerase (TaKaRa, Shanghai), and 100 μM dNTP mixture. The PCR program consisted of a denaturation step of 94 °C for 5 min and 30 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min, 48 °C for 45 s, and 72 °C for 45 s, followed by a final extension step at 72 °C for 10 min. Amplification products were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis and purified

using the PCR Purification Kit (Gold Chain BioTech Centre, Beijing) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Bortezomib mouse ARDRA was performed to group the isolates into different phylotypes. 16S rRNA gene was digested using the four base-cutting restriction enzymes MspI and AluI (1 U) at 37 °C for 1 h (Costa et al., 2006). The restricted products were electrophoresed in 2.5% agarose gel and the patterns in the gels were compared. Representative phylotypes were sequenced with the primers 968F-1492R and 27F-1378R (Weber et al., 2001) on an ABI 3100 DNA sequencer by the Chinese National Human Genome Center

(Shanghai, China). An operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was defined as a 16S rRNA gene digestion group in a same profile in ARDRA. Phylotype richness INK 128 manufacturer (S) was calculated as the total number of OTUs. The Shannon–Wiener index was calculated as follows: The presence of possible chimeric sequences was investigated using the chimera-check program of the Ribosomal Database Project II (Maidak et al., 1999). The most similar sequences were searched within the NCBI database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) using the basic local alignment search tool (blast) and the sequences obtained in this study were deposited in GenBank (for the accession numbers, see Tables 1 and 2). A total of 985 bacterial strains with different colony characteristics were isolated on LB, TSA, YG, R2A,

0.1 × LB, and KB media: 349 isolates from the rhizosphere, 172 isolates from rhizoplane, and 464 isolates from the bulk soil of the two tree peony varieties plants (Fengdan and Lan Furong), respectively (Table 3). The highest bacterial numbers of the Fengdan and Lan Furong plants were, respectively, 3.14 × 107 YG and 8.94 × 107 R2A CFU g−1 of bulk soil, 1.17 × 108 R2A and 2.31 × 108 R2A CFU g−1 of fresh root for the rhizosphere, 2.83 × 107 R2A and 5.73 × 107 YG CFU g−1 of fresh root for the rhizoplane. R2A plate has the highest number of isolates for most of the GPX6 samples, except Lan Furong rhizoplane and Fengdan bulk soil samples, whereas LB plate has the lowest number of isolates for most of the samples, except Fengdan rhizosphere and rhizoplane soil samples. On the different plates, the bacterial population density of the Lan Furong rhizosphere is 1.5–2.0 times that of Fengdan, and the density of the Lan Furong rhizoplane 1.4–5.7 times that of Fengdan. In all, 507 isolates obtained from Fengdan samples and 478 isolates obtained from Lan Furong samples were subjected to ARDRA analysis by digestion of the amplified 16S rRNA gene with MspI and AluI.

The new construct, pER164 (Fig. 1), was conjugated into B. fragilis 638R and IB263 strains by triparental mating to construct BER-96 and BER-105, respectively. For the microscopy slides, 1 mL of bacterial cultures

grown to mid-log phase in BHIS under conditions described above were centrifuged at 3000 g for 3 min and washed once in 1 mL of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) I-BET-762 cost (4.3 mM dibasic sodium phosphate, 1.47 mM monobasic potassium phosphate, 137 mM sodium chloride, 2.7 mM potassium chloride, pH 7.4). Bacteria were suspended in 1 mL PBS and a drop of this suspension was added to each slide and allowed to air-dry. The coverslips were mounted with glycerol and the slides were analyzed with a Confocal Microscope Zeiss LSM 510 using an excitation of 450 nm selleck products and an emission filter in the range of 475–525 nm. For dual channel fluorescent color detection in slides stained with Alexafluor-546-phalloidin

conjugate (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instruction, an excitation at 556 nm and emission at 573 nm were also used. The J774.1 macrophage cell lines was grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 2 mM l-glutamine. The cells were grown over sterile coverslips placed inside six-well microplates at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere. For all assays, six-well plates were seeded with approximately 2 × 105 macrophages mL−1 and incubated until confluence was reached. The bacterial cell numbers were determined spectrophotometrically at 600 nm. The assay was carried out by inoculating B. fragilis at an approximate multiplicity of infection of 100 into the six-well plates under anaerobic conditions. Infected monolayers were incubated for 1 h Exoribonuclease inside the anaerobic incubator to allow phagocytosis and internalization to occur. Then, the monolayers were

washed three times with PBS without an antibiotic to remove unbound bacteria. The cells were then fixed with 3.7% formaldehyde for 10 min and washed three times with PBS. Macrophages were stained with Alexafluor-546-phalloidin conjugate. The coverslips were removed from the wells and placed on top of glass slides for laser confocal microscopy analysis as described previously. In this study, we show the use of the fluorescent protein BS2 as a reporter for in vitro and in vivo gene expression studies in the anaerobe B. fragilis. When the promoterless bs2 gene was cloned in fusion with the starch/maltose and oxygen inducible promoter osu (Spence et al., 2006), addition of maltose was able to induce expression of fluorescent BS2 under anaerobic conditions compared with uninduced culture controls. These results clearly demonstrate that expression of BS2 in cultures of B. fragilis BER-85 in the absence of oxygen yield an intense fluorescence characteristic of BS2.

The new construct, pER164 (Fig. 1), was conjugated into B. fragilis 638R and IB263 strains by triparental mating to construct BER-96 and BER-105, respectively. For the microscopy slides, 1 mL of bacterial cultures

grown to mid-log phase in BHIS under conditions described above were centrifuged at 3000 g for 3 min and washed once in 1 mL of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) LGK-974 cell line (4.3 mM dibasic sodium phosphate, 1.47 mM monobasic potassium phosphate, 137 mM sodium chloride, 2.7 mM potassium chloride, pH 7.4). Bacteria were suspended in 1 mL PBS and a drop of this suspension was added to each slide and allowed to air-dry. The coverslips were mounted with glycerol and the slides were analyzed with a Confocal Microscope Zeiss LSM 510 using an excitation of 450 nm ERK inhibitor clinical trial and an emission filter in the range of 475–525 nm. For dual channel fluorescent color detection in slides stained with Alexafluor-546-phalloidin

conjugate (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instruction, an excitation at 556 nm and emission at 573 nm were also used. The J774.1 macrophage cell lines was grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 2 mM l-glutamine. The cells were grown over sterile coverslips placed inside six-well microplates at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere. For all assays, six-well plates were seeded with approximately 2 × 105 macrophages mL−1 and incubated until confluence was reached. The bacterial cell numbers were determined spectrophotometrically at 600 nm. The assay was carried out by inoculating B. fragilis at an approximate multiplicity of infection of 100 into the six-well plates under anaerobic conditions. Infected monolayers were incubated for 1 h learn more inside the anaerobic incubator to allow phagocytosis and internalization to occur. Then, the monolayers were

washed three times with PBS without an antibiotic to remove unbound bacteria. The cells were then fixed with 3.7% formaldehyde for 10 min and washed three times with PBS. Macrophages were stained with Alexafluor-546-phalloidin conjugate. The coverslips were removed from the wells and placed on top of glass slides for laser confocal microscopy analysis as described previously. In this study, we show the use of the fluorescent protein BS2 as a reporter for in vitro and in vivo gene expression studies in the anaerobe B. fragilis. When the promoterless bs2 gene was cloned in fusion with the starch/maltose and oxygen inducible promoter osu (Spence et al., 2006), addition of maltose was able to induce expression of fluorescent BS2 under anaerobic conditions compared with uninduced culture controls. These results clearly demonstrate that expression of BS2 in cultures of B. fragilis BER-85 in the absence of oxygen yield an intense fluorescence characteristic of BS2.

This most troublesome of

all the genitourinary Bioactive Compound high throughput screening complications of diabetes is often overlooked. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons. “
“Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in the young is a growing concern in many countries worldwide. In previous studies, positive associations with obesity, female gender, and family history have been noted. Newham, East London, has one of the highest prevalence of T2DM in the UK as well as one of the youngest populations. Our aim was to establish the prevalence and characteristics of T2DM in young people in Newham, and compare findings with existing data. Forty-four young people (≤25 years) with T2DM and an equal number of young people with type 1 diabetes were examined. A retrospective analysis of existing patient records utilising diabetes and pathology databases was conducted. The age-specific prevalence of T2DM in children and young Autophagy activity inhibition adults within Newham was noted to be the highest in the UK at 0.57/1000 (58 out of 100 300). There was a strong association with obesity and 77% of those with T2DM were found to have a body mass index ≥25kg/m2. Many had features of the metabolic syndrome. This analysis confirms the high prevalence of T2DM with obesity in young people, particularly among minority ethnic groups, and adds to concern among health care providers and commissioners about the need for preventative strategies to tackle

this problem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons. “
“The

aim of this study was to identify the efficacy of a staged diabetes management (SDM) clinic serving a low socio-economic Hispanic population in achieving glycaemic goal. We analysed prospectively collected data from patients discharged from the clinic in 2008 with an admission HbA1c >8% (64mmol/mol) and >one clinic FER visit. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were determined for factors significantly associated with glycaemic goal achievement. Both those patients who achieved the clinic HbA1c goal of ≤8% (n=277) and those who did not (n=209) had a clinically significant decrease in HbA1c (-3.13±1.80, -1.08±1.78). After adjustment, the following were associated with failure to achieve goal: higher admission HbA1c (%) 11.0±1.8 vs 10.3±1.7, AOR (95% CI) 1.22 (1.08, 1.37), p=0.0016; higher admission insulin (IU/kg/day) 0.56±0.58 vs 0.26±0.41, AOR 2.08 (1.09, 4.00), p=0.026; greater increase in insulin (IU/kg/day) 0.23±0.46 vs 0.09±0.32, AOR 2.38 (1.15, 5.00), p=0.02; and a longer stay (days) 229±110 vs 172±84, AOR 1.007 (1.003, 1.012), p=0.0008. In this SDM clinic, most patients achieved significant reduction in HbA1c. The study identified factors associated with a lower likelihood of achieving goal thereby demonstrating the value of review of the response to an SDM protocol in indicating areas for further improvement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.

, 2001). Our data introduce Lrp as another partner of the transcriptional factor H-NS in negatively regulating LEE genes and in counteracting

the positive control of Ler, GrlA, IHF, Fis, Qse, PerC, Target Selective Inhibitor Library and RegA (Mellies et al., 2007) (Fig. 4) so far shown to be involved in the expression of LEE genes. Lrp responds to the nutritional environment and, as previously suggested for Salmonella (Baek et al., 2009), could have a role in identifying the host compartment in which the bacterial cell is living and in modulating, as a consequence, the expression of virulence genes. The confirmed and extended complexity of the regulatory network of C. rodentium LEE pathogenicity island shown here will also be of help for a deeper understanding of virulence-associated genes in A/E in other enterobacteria. In vivo experiments will now be needed to evaluate the effect of Lrp on C. rodentium virulence. We thank L. Di Iorio for technical assistance.

This work was supported by a grant (KBBE-2007-207948) from the EU 7th Framework to E.R. “
“Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 is known to be tolerant to most of the environmental factors in natural habitats of Cyanobacteria. Gene expression Small Molecule Compound Library can be easily studied in this cyanobacterium, as its complete genome sequence is available. These properties make Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 an appropriate model organism for biotechnological applications. To study the gene expression in Cyanobacteria, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) can be used, but as this is a highly sensitive method, data standardization is indicated between samples. The most commonly used strategy is normalization against internal reference genes. Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 has not yet been evaluated for the best reference genes. In this work, six candidate genes were analyzed for this purpose. Cyanobacterial cultures were exposed to several stress conditions, and three different algorithms were used for ranking the reference genes: geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. Moreover, gene expression stability value M and single-control normalization error E were calculated. Our data

provided a list of reference genes that can be used in qPCR experiments in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. “
“An amber-pigmented, Gram-negative, rod-shaped and aerobic Megestrol Acetate bacterial strain devoid of flagella, designated strain JC2131T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment of Dongmak in Ganghwa island, South Korea. Identification was carried out on the basis of polyphasic taxonomy. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the isolate belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae and showed the highest sequence similarity of 94.5% with Lutibacter litoralis KCCM 42118T. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (25.9%), iso-C15 : 0 3-OH (20.0%) and iso-C13 : 0 (12.7%). Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The DNA G+C content was 43.7 mol%.