We also dismissed inducer exclusion as possible mechanism of CcpA-independent repression because the E. faecalis strain grown in LB in the presence of citrate and glucose maintained the ability to incorporate [14C]-citrate (data not shown). Interestingly, Zeng et al. suggested that there is a direct involvement of P-Ser-HPr and the glucose/mannose-PTS EIIABMan (ManL) in CCR of the fructan hydrolase (fruAB) and the levDEFGX operons [35]. Furthermore, Opsata et al. showed

that in an E. faecalis V583 mutant strain with strong reduction in expression of the mannose PTS operon, the citE gene was upregulated 5-fold when compared with the wild type grown in BHI medium (which contains glucose and citrate, among other components) [29]. We constructed a JH2-2-derived mannose PTS deficient strain and a ccpA PTSMan double mutant. Unfortunately, we could not find an apparent correlation between the activity Selleck STA-9090 of the promoters in the presence of citrate (LBC) and glucose plus citrate. Finally, homologs to CcpN (EF1025) and YqfL (EF2419) were found in the E. faecalis genome. These regulators are involved in CcpA-independent CCR in B. subtilis [36] and their direct Selleckchem KU-57788 or indirect participation

in the regulation of the cit operons cannot be ruled out. Recent publications using transcriptome analysis suggested that the cit operons might be regulated by Rex (a regulator responding to NAD/NADH ratio) [37] and indirectly by Ers (a PrfA-like regulator) [38]. Nevertheless, their contribution to the regulation in the presence of citrate and PTS sugars remains to be determined. Although convincing evidence for a CcpA-independent mechanism of repression is presented in this work, more experiments will be necessary to elucidate it at the molecular level. One question which arose Fenbendazole from our studies was why does E. faecalis

regulate citrate transport and metabolism in such a strict way? In Bacillus subtilis, citrate uptake interferes directly with the regulation of the Krebs cycle enzymes, which explains why expression of the transporter is tightly controlled [39]. However, citrate transport by enterococcal cells will not cause an imbalance of metabolites of the TCA because E. faecalis lacks most of the VS-4718 solubility dmso enzymes of the Krebs cycle. Nevertheless, like B. subtilis, E. faecalis transports citrate complexed with a well-defined set of bivalent metal ions: Ca2+, Sr2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ [9]. The ability to take up toxic bivalent metal ions in complex with citrate might render E. faecalis sensitive to the toxic heavy metal ions in citrate-containing medium. It is possible that the sophisticated regulation of cit gene expression allows E. faecalis to resist and persist in different environments and to synthesize in controlled form the enzymes necessary for the transport and metabolism of the nutrients in order to optimize its growth.