Recent findings

Studies in acute kidney injury models identify macrophages as key mediators of inflammatory injury, while more recent studies indicate that they may play a reparative

role, depending on phenotype – M1 or M2 type macrophages. Mregs, generated Selleck BMS345541 in vitro, appear to have immune suppressive abilities and a unique phenotype. In solid-organ transplant, the emphasis of studies has been on acute or chronic injury. These data are derived from animal models using depletion of macrophages or antagonizing their activation and inflammatory responses. The relative contribution of macrophage phenotype in transplantation has not been explored.

Summary

These studies suggest that macrophages play an injurious role in acute cellular allograft rejection, as well as in chronic injury. Infiltration of an allograft with macrophages is also associated with worse graft function and poor prognosis. Further studies are needed to understand

the mechanisms of macrophage-mediated injury, explore their potential reparative role, and determine if they or their functional products are biomarkers of poor graft outcomes.”
“Objective: To evaluate pregnancy outcome and rates of anemia in patients following bariatric operation https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ipi-145-ink1197.html in comparison with obese pregnant women.

Methods: A retrospective population-based study comparing pregnancy outcome of patients following bariatric with the obese population was conducted. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to control for confounders. To evaluate the change in hemoglobin levels, we included women who had one pregnancy

before the bariatric surgery Selleckchem GDC0068 and one following the surgery or two pregnancies for women with obesity.

Results: This study included 326 women who had one pregnancy before and after a bariatric surgery and 1612 obese women who had at least two consecutive deliveries. Using a multivariable logistic regression model, controlling for confounders such as maternal age, patients following bariatric surgery had lower rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-0.9; p = 0.49) and macrosomia (OR 0.3; 95% CI 0.2-0.5; p<0.001) as compared with obese parturients. Women post bariatric surgery were more likely to be anemic (hemoglobin<10 g/dL) as compared to obese parturients (48% versus 37%; OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-1.9; p<0.001). A significant decline in hemoglobin level was noted in patients following bariatric surgery (a decline of 0.33 g/dL versus 0.18 g/dL between two consecutive pregnancies of obese women). Using another multivariable model with anemia as the outcome variable, bariatric was noted as a risk factor for anemia (adjusted OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.13-1.86, p = 0.004).

Conclusion: Women following bariatric surgery have lower risk for gestational diabetes mellitus and fetal macrosomia as compared with obese parturients.