In the evaluated study, the LPI GPR55 system in adipose tissue was examined. GPR55 is expressed in white adipose tissue and its expression is higher in visceral than in subcutaneous fat. GPR55 expression is higher in obese than in lean subjects, and in the obese group is greater in diabetic than in nondiabetic patients. In addition, plasma LPI concentration is increased in obese individuals. In vitro, LPI increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration and stimulates the expression of PPAR-gamma and genes involved in fatty

acid synthesis. In contrast to human adipocytes, LPI has no effect on triglyceride selleck products accumulation in rodent adipocytes and adipose tissue GPR55 expression is downregulated in both leptin-deficient mice and rats made obese by a high-fat diet, indicating that the role of GPR55 in adipose tissue is species specific.”
“Above-ground pipelires for in situ oil sands development are potentially significant vectors of habitat fragmentation for large mammals. We evaluated the use of elevated pipeline clearances (distance between the ground and the bottom of the pipeline) and pipeline crossing structures, I:he two primary methods of mitigating the barrier effect of above-ground pipelines on

large mammals, with a particular emphasis on moose (Alces alces), in northern Alberta, Canada. Winter snow tracking and remote cameras Blebbistatin mouse Tozasertib inhibitor were employed for one year to monitor large mammal interactions with a 5.5 km stretch of pipeline mitigated with five pipeline crossing structures and a 1.6 km control area of unmitigated pipeline. A minimum threshold pipeline clearance of 140 cm was critical in allowing adult moose to cross underneath the pipeline. Pipeline crossing structures facilitated movement across the pipeline and were used more than sections of elevated pipelines by all species. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“After endosymbiosis, organelles lost most of their initial genome. Moreover, expression of the few remaining genes became tightly controlled by the nucleus through

trans-acting protein factors that are required for post-transcriptional expression (maturation/stability or translation) of a single (or a few) specific organelle target mRNA(s). Here, we characterize the nucleus-encoded TDA1 factor, which is specifically required for translation of the chloroplast atpA transcript that encodes subunit a of ATP synthase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The sequence of TDA1 contains eight copies of a degenerate 38-residue motif, that we named octotrico peptide repeat (OPR), which has been previously described in a few other trans-acting factors targeted to the C. reinhardtii chloroplast. Interestingly, a proportion of the untranslated atpA transcripts are sequestered into high-density, non-polysomic, ribonucleoprotein complexes.