As the temperature increases, an initial decrease followed by a subsequent increase of hysteresis

loss, P(h), and eddy current loss, P(e) is observed. Both P(h) and P(e) increase with increasing frequency. When f >= 300 kHz, a residual loss, P(r), appears. P(e) increases with increasing temperature and frequency. The temperature and frequency dependence of P(h) can be explained by irreversible domain wall movements, P(e) by the skin effect, and P(r) by domain wall resonance, respectively. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3581880]“
“Mechanical click here devices are sought to support insufficient or paralysed striated muscles including the failing heart. Nickel-titanium alloys (nitinol) present the following two properties: (i) super-elasticity, this website and (ii) the potential to assume different crystal structures depending on temperature

and/or stress. Starting from the martensite state nitinol is able to resume the austenite form (state of low potential energy and high entropy) even against an external resistance. This one-way shape change is deployed in self-expanding vascular stents. Heating induces the force generating transformation from martensite to the austenite state while cooling induces relaxation back to the martensite state. This two-way shape change oscillating between the two states may be used in cyclically contracting support devices of Alvocidib silicon-coated nitinol wires. Such a contractile

device sutured to the right atrium has been tested in vitro in a bench model and in vivo in sheep. The contraction properties of natural muscles, specifically of the myocardium, and the tight correlation with ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria is briefly outlined. Force development by the nitinol device cannot be smoothly regulated as in natural muscle. Its mechanical impact is forced onto the natural muscle regardless of the actual condition with regard to metabolism and Ca(2+)-homeostasis. The development of artificial muscle on the basis of nitinol wires is still in its infancy. The nitinol artificial muscle will have to prove its viability in the various clinical settings.”
“The postictal state and its features were recognized by physicians from Babylonian times through to the advent of modern neurology in the late 19th century. Among varied descriptions and definitions lies one of the best known and still used eponyms in medicine, Todd’s paralysis. Despite a relative lack of biological insight, many key observations were made in an era mostly devoid of treatments for epilepsy. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“This research addresses the wavelength dependence of the fabrication of Ag nanostructures through photoinduced deposition using single crystal ferroelectric lithium niobate as a template.