In cases with diffuse traumatic axonal injury the microglial reaction is particularly pronounced in the white matter. These results demonstrate that prolonged microglial activation is a feature of traumatic brain injury, but that the neuroinflammatory response returns to control levels after several years. “
“Cerebral selleck kinase inhibitor amyloid angiopathy (CAA) predisposes to symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) after combined thrombolytic and anticoagulant treatment of acute myocardial infarction. However, the role

of CAA in stroke thrombolysis has not been established. Here, we describe a confirmed case of CAA-related hemorrhage in a patient receiving thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. On autopsy, immunohistochemistry revealed amyloid-β positive staining in thickened cortical and meningeal arteries at sites of hemorrhage. Further research is urgently needed to determine

the hemorrhage risk related to CAA in stroke thrombolysis and develop better diagnostic tools to identify CAA in the emergency room. “
“Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulating therapies are currently in the clinic or undergoing investigation for multiple sclerosis (MS) STA-9090 datasheet treatment. However, the expression of S1PRs is still unclear in the central nervous system under normal conditions and during neuroinflammation. Using immunohistochemistry we examined tissues from both grey and white matter MS lesions for sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) and 5 (S1P5) expression. Tissues from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases were also examined. S1P1 expression was restricted to astrocytes and endothelial cells in control tissues and a decrease in endothelial cell expression was found in white matter MS lesions. In grey matter MS lesions, astrocyte expression was lost in active lesions, while in quiescent lesions it was restored to normal expression levels. CNPase Thalidomide colocalization studies demonstrated S1P5

expression on myelin and both were reduced in demyelinated lesions. In AD tissues we found no difference in S1P1 expression. These data demonstrate a differential modulation of S1PRs in MS lesions, which may have an impact on S1PR-directed therapies. “
“C. Billingham, M. R. Powell, K. A. Jenner, D. A. Johnston, M. Gatherer, J. A. R. Nicoll and D. Boche (2013) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology39, 243–255 Rat astrocytic tumour cells are associated with an anti-inflammatory microglial phenotype in an organotypic model Aim: Microglia form a high proportion of cells in glial tumours but their role in supporting or inhibiting tumour growth is unclear. Here we describe the establishment of an in vitro model to investigate their role in astrocytomas. Methods: Rat hippocampal slices were prepared and, after 7 days to allow microglia to become quiescent, rat C6 astrocytic tumour cells were added.