, 2004; Mulvey et al., 2005; David et al., 2008; Van De Griend et al., 2009). Recent studies show that USA400 can account for over 98% of MRSA infections in northern Canada (Golding et al., 2011) and has been implicated in isolated PXD101 datasheet MRSA disease in southern Europe (Vignaroli, 2009; Neocleous et al., 2010). However, about 10 years ago, a new source of CA-MRSA arose from one of the ‘traditional’ virulent CCs, CC8. Descending from a USA500

clone through acquisition of various MGEs (Robinson & Enright, 2003; Li et al., 2009), USA300 became the dominant CA-MRSA clone in US (Moran et al., 2006; Hulten et al., 2010; Talan et al., 2011), effectively replacing USA400 clones in most regions (Como-Sabetti et al., 2009; Simor et al., 2010), and has also been isolated from patients in Canada and Mexico (Nichol Talazoparib cost et al., 2011; Velazquez-Meza et al., 2011).

The explosion of USA300 CA-MRSA across North America resulted from a very recent clonal expansion of a successful CA-MRSA clone as demonstrated by very low sequence divergence among geographically distinct USA300 isolates (Kennedy et al., 2008). Given the occurrence of multiple CA-MRSA clones in the population, a formal definition was put forth by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention for CA-MRSA disease as that which is contracted within 48 h of hospital admission by patients not having recently undergone surgery, hemodialysis, prolonged hospitalization, Neratinib manufacturer catheterization, or MRSA colonization (Morrison et al., 2006). Currently in the US, MRSA disease fitting these criteria is almost always caused by USA300 clones, followed by USA400 and occasionally USA1000 and USA1100 (Talan et al., 2011). To complicate matters further, USA300 clones have recently been implicated in causing significant HA-MRSA disease (Popovich et al., 2008; Jenkins et al., 2009; Moore et al., 2009; Hulten et al., 2010), blurring the lines between the two disease

onset environments (Popovich et al., 2008; Jenkins et al., 2009; Moore et al., 2009; Hulten et al., 2010). In some studies, USA300 accounted for at least half of hospital-acquired MRSA infections (Popovich et al., 2008; Hulten et al., 2010). Thus, USA300 represents a highly successful S. aureus clone that emerged in the community and quickly spread throughout the North American continent to become the leading cause of MRSA infection even in healthcare settings. For now, USA300 seems to be primarily limited to North America, while in Europe, South America and Asia, CA-MRSA disease is dominated by divergent clones unrelated to CC8 (e.g. ST30, ST80 and ST59) (Deleo et al., 2010). Given the rapid and efficient transmissibility of USA300 in North America (Pan et al., 2005), it remains to be seen whether these clones will become the dominant source of MRSA disease worldwide. Animal models of S.