1c,d, respectively). A 70% reduction in the number of LAG-3+ cells was observed both in the CD4 and the CD8 subsets at a 10 ng/ml antibody concentration. The half-maximum effective concentration was found at the ng/ml level [1 ± 0·4 ng/ml for CD4+ T cells and 0·7 ± 0·4 ng/ml for CD8+ T cells, mean ± standard deviation (s.d.) of five experiments]. The observed effect is not due to competition

between the chimeric A9H12 mAb and the 17B4-FITC mAb used to reveal LAG-3, as the binding of 17B4-FITC is not inhibited by a threefold excess of the chimeric A9H12 mAb (not shown). A putative internalization of the membrane LAG-3 induced by the chimeric A9H12 was excluded because the disappearance of activated T cells was also observed with an anti-CD25 antibody (not shown). CDC and ADCC are probably the dominant mode of action of this antibody, as no agonist

or antagonist effect could be evidenced in mixed lymphocyte reactions Trichostatin A (data not shown). The chimeric A9H12 mAb cross-reacted with baboon LAG-3 because it bound to similar percentages of activated PBMC to that found for human cells, and did not bind to resting baboon PBMC (Fig. 1e). According to a two-compartment model, after an intravenous bolus administration of 1 mg/kg of chimeric A9H12 (n = 2), the elimination half-life was 86·1 ± 31·3 h (Fig. 2a). Three other animals received 0·1 mg/kg of chimeric A9H12. In that case, the elimination half-life was calculated as 23·8 ± 6·8 h (Fig. 2a). In order to evaluate whether chimeric A9H12 can deplete LAG-3+ target cells in vivo, Lumacaftor nmr inguinal lymph nodes were biopsied before, and on days 1 and 4 after treatment. The percentage of LAG-3+ cells was then evaluated by flow cytometry. We observed a reduction of both CD4+ and CD4–LAG3+CD3+ T lymphocytes after chimeric A9H12 administration (Fig. 2b). CD4–CD3+ T lymphocytes represent mainly CD8+ T cells, but can also contain a few NK T cells. This was not due to immunological masking,

as Sorafenib the detecting fluorescent anti-LAG-3 antibody used did not compete with chimeric A9H12. As expected, administration of chimeric A9H12 induced no modification of lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood. To test the efficacy of chimeric A9H12 in vivo, we established a DTH model in baboons after sensitization with BCG vaccine. That sensitized animals were indeed immunized was controlled after 1 month with an IFN-γ ELISPOT assay on PBMC. Of eight baboons vaccinated with BCG, all but one became immunized. Unsensitized animals presented a frequency of 1/61 845 ± 1/13 329 PBMC responding in vitro to tuberculin-PPD, and this rose to a frequency of 1/7 842 ± 1/1578 in sensitized animals. Two immunized baboons used as controls were challenged with tuberculin IDR three consecutive times over 5 months and demonstrated consistent and reproducible erythema after each IDR (Table 1).