We compared the number of cells in the granule cell layer and subgranular zone that expressed these proteins in brains from control subjects (n = 12), patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) without psychotic symptoms (n = 12), and patients with MDD and psychotic symptoms (n = 12). We show here that the density of doublecortin/NeuN expression was increased in MDD patients compared with controls and MDD patients with psychosis, with the effect greater in women. Further, we show that older depressed patients without psychosis

had higher levels of p21/NeuN expression Apoptosis inhibitor and that depressed individuals prescribed antidepressants had higher levels of p21/NeuN expression, but only in older women. We show for the first time that changes in neurogenesis due to prescribed antidepressants or depression are dependent on age, sex, and the presence of antipsychotics or psychotic symptoms.”
“Patients with a moderately reduced glomerular filtration

rate (GFR) typically have no metabolic acidosis and a urine net acid excretion comparable to those with normal GFR, supporting greater per nephron acidification with moderately reduced GFR. We modeled such patients using rats with a surgical reduction of 2/3 kidney mass, yielding animals with reduced GFR without metabolic acidosis. We then tested the hypothesis that reduction of nephron mass augments distal nephron acidification in remnant nephrons mediated by increased angiotensin II activity, and that the latter is induced by underlying acid retention. DihydrotestosteroneDHT molecular weight Nephron mass reduction yielded lower GFR

than controls (sham operation), higher acid retention selleck products (measured by microdialysis of kidney cortex), higher distal nephron acidification, and higher plasma and kidney levels of angiotensin II, but plasma total CO2 and urine net acid excretion were not different. Angiotensin II receptor antagonism reduced distal nephron acidification to levels similar to control. Dietary alkali that lowered acid retention to that of control also reduced plasma and kidney levels of angiotensin II and reduced distal nephron acidification to control. Angiotensin II receptor antagonism with dietary alkali had no significant added effect on distal nephron acidification. Thus, nephron reduction that moderately reduced GFR with no metabolic acidosis is characterized by increased angiotensin II activity. This mediates increased distal nephron acidification and is induced by acid retention. Kidney International (2012) 82, 1184-1194; doi:10.1038/ki.2012.267; published online 25 July 2012″
“The central role of protein-protein interactions in a wide range of cellular processes makes them a target for research and drug discovery. A variety of methods, both experimental and theoretical, exist for probing protein interfaces for residues that affect activity and binding affinity.