This is the first report of infection in mulberry trees

by HSVd. “
“Commercial parsley plants in Safranbolu were found with symptoms of decline, stunting, yellowing and many galls in the roots, symptoms typical of infestation by root knot nematodes. Morphological, biochemical and molecular methods were used learn more to identify the causal root knot nematode species. Morphological characteristic and perineal patterns of the females and isoenzyme phenotypes matched the description of Meloidogyne arenaria. Polymerase chain reaction with the M. arenaria species-specific Far/Rar primer set also produced a 420-bp fragment, the same as obtained with a positive control population of M. arenaria. Results, therefore, confirm that the root knot nematodes isolated from parsley roots were M. arenaria. This is the first report of M. arenaria infecting parsley in Turkey. “
“Although the tobacco N gene, which confers resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), is transcriptionally induced by infection with TMV, the regulatory mechanism has not previously been elucidated. We found that a 5′-flanking region of the N gene

exhibits TMV-inducible promoter activity and that the region from −290 to −271 includes a cis-acting this website element in response to infection. The activity required N protein and signal components of N-mediated resistance. These results suggest that transcription of the N gene is positively regulated by N-mediated resistance signalling. “
“Mallotus japonicus with witches’ broom disease were observed in Jeollabuk-do, Korea. A phytoplasma from the infected leaves was identified, based on the 16S rDNA, 16S-23S intergenic spacer region, and fragment of rp operon and tuf gene sequences. The 16S rDNA sequences exhibited maximum (99.7%) similarity with Iranian lettuce phytoplasma, the rp operon sequences exhibited 100% similarity with Goldenrain stunt phytoplasma, and the tuf gene sequences exhibited 99.8% similarity with Japanese Cell press spurge yellows phytoplasma. Results of the sequence analysis and phylogenetic studies confirmed that the phytoplasma

associated with M. japonicus in Korea was an isolate of Aster Yellows group (subgroup16SrI-B). “
“Plant viruses can cause serious crop losses. Calcium homoeostasis is involved in the movement of animal viruses. We have examined whether intracellular calcium flux can interfere with spread of virus in plants. The calcium channel blocker verapamil, applied to Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc plant leaves, interfered with Tobacco mosaic virus infection in treated and untreated leaves, reducing TMV lesion number by 68 and 71%, respectively. Verapamil interfered with calcium homoeostasis of leaf cells, evident by increased calcium efflux from leaf segments. This is a first effort to use calcium channel blockers as an inducer of systemic virus resistance in plants.