There are a number of animal disease models for various MEK162 ARRY-438162 psychiatric diseases, which have been characterized along various levels of assessment. The types of characterizations carried out in animals are limited in humans. Conversely, human phenotypes, such as the oscillatory phenotypes described above, have not been carefully assessed in experimental animals, either in specific disease models or in wild-type animals. Further building our database of disease-related oscillation phenotypes

shared sellectchem between animals and humans represent a rational first step in any efficient effort to understand mechanisms of neuropsychiatry disease at the level of neuronal communication. Clear Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical human-to-animal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical links have been made in other domains of human disease244 and neuroscience,245 and have yielded efficient and clinically relevant findings. Such an effort towards understanding how

psychiatric disease rests upon the fundamental scaffolding of brain function, ie, fast time-scale oscillatory- and assembly-based action may be taken on piecemeal the way most of research is done now, but it may be most usefully pursued more systematically in the form of the efforts of a large institution or consortium. A novel path for treatment The predominant mode of psychiatric treatment today is based on pharmacology and it may be useful to consider network level phenotypes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical as an intermediate link between disease and drug action. Brain network-specific

oscillations and cross-frequency coupling of their interactions can be quantified effectively in both sleeping and task-solving animals, and since network patterns are specifically and differentially affected by a large spectrum of psychotropic drugs,104,246 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical they can be used in early screening. Unlike the often-varying drug responses Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical between humans and animal models across many measures,243 the pharmacological profiles of network oscillations are identical in all mammalian species. For more detailed analysis, large-scale recordings of multiple single Anacetrapib neurons in the behaving animal can be used to assess both the mechanistic network level effects of both drugs that are already known to be effective in humans and also novel/other agents, which may have novel mechanisms on the same systems. Such work would of course be informed by work on network alterations in human disease and once animal-based discoveries are made they can be translated back to the human. In addition, the oscillation-centric approach offers an alternative to pharmaceutical-based interventions: direct assessment and potential correction of aberrant brain activity based on the measurement of that activity itself. Such approaches would certainly be appealing in cases of drug resistance, but are potentially useful as even firstline treatment, especially if they can remain noninvasive.