Several of the proteins were localized on the sperm head. However, these proteins have also been described to exert other functions in the flagellum. Co-precipitation experiments with rhZP-coated beads confirmed the direct interaction of GSTM with ZP4 and of VDAC2 with ZP2 and ZP3.\n\nWe used recombinant ZP Selleck MAPK inhibitor in place of native ZP. Thus, the post-translational modifications of the proteins, such as glycosylations, can be different and can influence their function. However, CHO cell-expressed rhZP are functional, e.g. can bind human

spermatozoa and induce the acrosome reaction. Moreover, the identification of relevant proteins was limited by the need for sufficient amounts of proteins on the preparative 2D-gel to be subsequently analysed in MALDI-TOF MS/MS.\n\nOur results bring new insights on the ability of sperm proteins to exert several functions depending on their sub-cellular localization, either the head or flagellum. Their multiple roles suggest that these sperm proteins are multifaceted or moonlighting proteins.\n\nThis work was supported by the grant ReproRio (CNRS, INRA, INSERM and CEA) and the Socit dAndrologie de Langue Franaise.\n\nNot applicable.”
“Background: The phospholipase A 2 receptor (PLA2R) is a major antigen found in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (MN). The relationship of genetic polymorphisms

of PLA2R with the susceptibility and clinical outcomes of this disease is unknown. Methods: We studied 199 patients with idiopathic buy 17DMAG MN followed up for 3.7 +/- 3.2 years. We enrolled 33 patients with secondary MN and 356 subjects with normal blood pressure and no proteinuria. PLA2R single

nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped. Results: The allele frequencies see more of C in rs35771982 and G in rs3828323 were 73.6 and 73.9%, respectively. Subjects with the CC genotype in rs35771982 had a higher susceptibility to idiopathic MN compared to subjects with other genotypes (odds ratio 2.6; 95% confidence interval 1.8-4.0). Patients with secondary MN were not different from controls with regard to PLA2R genotype. No impact of genetic polymorphisms on renal survival was detected. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that PLA2R SNPs might be associated with the risk of developing MN. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Protected L-homoDMDP en-8 and its C-6 epimer en-7 were prepared through two different pathways starting from the vinylpyrrolidine en-9. Based on the NMR and X-ray analysis, the stereochemistry of homoDMDP at C-6 was confirmed to be consistent with reported data. Compounds en-7 and en-8 are general intermediates for the synthesis of a series of 6-C-alkylated DMDP-related natural products, such as broussonetine G, homoDMDP-7-O-apioside, homoDMDP-7-O-beta-D-xyloside and so on.