One study reported that high levels of p16-INK4a expression were observed in most HPV-positive bladder carcinomas, whereas p16-INK4a was rarely expressed in HPV-negative carcinomas, and significantly higher scores for p16-INK4a were demonstrated in HPV-positive selleck compound tumors than in those negative for HPV by a scoring system for distribution of immunohistochemistry signals [69]. This finding suggests that the HPV-E7 protein was expressed in tumor tissue of the HPV-positive cases, and that HPV infection may be strongly associated with the development of bladder carcinoma. However, two studies

have denied the potential correlation between p16-INK4a expression and HPV infection in bladder carcinoma [73] and [75]. Further studies are needed to clarify whether p16-INK4a can also be a surrogate marker of HPV-E7 expression in bladder carcinoma. Molecular studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of HPV carcinogenesis and to elucidate the etiological role of HPV infection in the development of

bladder carcinoma. The information on the relationship between HPV-positive bladder carcinoma and cervical neoplasm risk has been extremely limited. Barghi et al. investigated the relationship between cervical dysplasia in women and the evidence of HPV infection in tissue specimens obtained from the bladders of their spouses selleck chemicals [72]. High-risk HPV-DNA was detected in 24 (29.3%) men with bladder UC, and four P-type ATPase these 24 men with HPV-positive bladder tumor had cervical dysplasia based on their Pap smear tests. However, no dysplasia was found in those women whose husbands had HPV-negative bladder tumors. Moreover, another study tried to determine the critical factors and etiological role of HPV infection in the development of female bladder tumor [83]. HPV-DNA was detected in five (6.0%) of 84 eligible patients, and two HPV-positive cases had a past history of cervical cancer. Interestingly,

the same HPV type 16 was detected in the bladder tumor and cervical cancer in these two cases. Since HPV is transmitted by sexual contact, it is relevant to know the risk of developing other HPV-induced cancers for the partners of men or women with any HPV-positive cancers, including cervical cancer or bladder carcinoma. Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that HPV infection is frequently transmitted through sexual contact of external genitalia, but it also affects the urinary tract, including the urethra and urinary bladder. Furthermore, some reports demonstrated the presence of some morphological changes of cells related to HPV infection and mild atypical cells, suspected to be intraneoplasia, in HPV-positive samples obtained from the urinary tract.