\n\nMethod: A cross-sectional survey was conducted and data was collected through a self administered questionnaire from students at King Edward Medical University. Information about demographic characteristics, smoking status in family, number of cigarettes smoked/day, influence for starting it and use of nicotine replacement therapy was obtained. Duration of study was from April 1 to May 30, 2009. Smoker was defined as a person who, at the time of survey

smoked cigarettes either daily or Sapitinib occasionally.\n\nResults: Response rate was 65.4%, of these 396 (60.55%) were male and 88(13.45%) were smokers. Smoking was more among the male students than females (p-value < 0.001). The greatest percentage of smokers was in 3rd Year (n=29, 26.85%), majority were of 21-30 years age (n=59, 19.53%), started smoking between 11-20 years (n=48, 54.54%), smoked < 10 cigarettes/day (n=37, 42.04%) and started smoking due to influence of friends (n=53, 60.23%). Majority (n=69, 78.4%) had no intention to quit in the next 6 months. Lack of Incentive (n=32, 36.36%) and Selleck BB-94 Addiction (n=24, 27.27%) were the main reasons for not quitting.\n\nConclusion: Our results showed a substantial trend of cigarette smoking in medical students in Pakistan. Prevalence is more in higher classes. Majority have a smoker in their family and had started smoking under influence

of peers and media. They find it relaxing and addictive, LY3023414 concentration hence difficult to quit. Nicotine use was found to be uncommon.”
“Listerial keratoconjunctivitis or silage eye has increasingly been reported in ruminants in recent years.

Although the disease has always been associated with silage feeding, its cause, pathogenesis, and epidemiology remain to be fully disclosed. Clinical courses include signs of keratoconjunctivitis and uveitis and cases recover without any residual lesions after antibiotic therapy. More epidemiologic and clinical as well as experimental studies are required to determine this poorly defined condition so that preventive measures could be established.”
“It has long been thought that clonal deletion efficiently removes almost all self-specific T cells from the peripheral repertoire. We found that self-peptide MHC-specific CD8(+) T cells in the blood of healthy humans were present in frequencies similar to those specific for non-self antigens. For the Y chromosome-encoded SMCY antigen, self-specific T cells exhibited only a 3-fold lower average frequency in males versus females and were anergic with respect to peptide activation, although this inhibition could be overcome by a stronger stimulus. We conclude that clonal deletion prunes but does not eliminate self-specific T cells and suggest that to do so would create holes in the repertoire that pathogens could readily exploit.