iscussed as a prognostic marker of HL Despite the absence of LM

iscussed as a prognostic marker of HL. Despite the absence of LMP1, both the canon ical and noncanonical NF ��B pathways are constitutively activated in HL due to genetic lesions, auto and paracrine signals, and e pression of TNF receptor family members. Moreover, aberrant activation of the NF ��B pathway is of key importance for the survival of HL derived cells. Therefore, constitutive activation of NF ��B could e plain high e pression levels of Fascin in the absence of LMP1 in HL derived cells requiring fur ther investigation. On the other hand, NF ��B activity does not automatically result in e pression of Fascin as both Bjab and primary effusion lymphoma cells do not e press Fascin despite high levels of NF ��B activity.

However, our data show that NF ��B is necessary for Fascin induction by LMP1 and Fascin e pression in LMP1 transformed LCLs, but it may not be sufficient Batimastat in other types of transformed B cells. Our findings show a direct link between LMP1 e pression and the induction of Fascin in both B and T lymphocytes. These observations are in line with find ings describing the presence of Fascin in lymph node metastases in NPC. Fascin e pression positively corre lated with the e pression of both LMP1 and the phos phorylated transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, as well as with the proliferation inde of the tumor cells. Collectively, LMP1 mediated induction of Fascin may not only be re stricted to lymphocytes but also be applicable to cells of epithelial origin, which suggests that LMP1 mediated induction of Fascin is a general phenomenon of EBV biology.

LMP1 is not only e pressed in latently infected B cells, but can also be upregulated during the lytic cycle in both epithelial cells and B cells. LMP1 seems to play a role in virus production, as LMP1 deleted EBV enters the lytic replication cycle as efficiently as the wild type counterpart, but is severely impaired in virus release into culture super natants, pointing to a defect in particle transport. LMP1 mediated e pression of the actin bundling protein Fascin in the cytoskeleton and its continuous e pression suggest a role of Fascin in virus release. This is further corroborated by the finding that cell to cell transmission of EBV to epithelial cells also depends on canonical NF ��B signaling, which is also a prerequisite for efficient Fascin induction.

Our data showing enhanced invasive migration of lymphocytes in the presence of Fascin suggest that EBV e ploits functions of Fascin. The capacity of Fascin to induce migration of tumor cells could also be relevant to the migratory capacity of EBV transformed cells and to EBV associated disease, however, it remains to be de termined whether Fascin is essential for invasive migra tion of LCLs, as it is in LMP1 e pressing Jurkat cells. Our data show that block of canonical NF ��B signaling reduces both Fascin and invasive migration of EBV transformed LCLs, thus, strengthening the assumption that Fascin contribut

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

*

You may use these HTML tags and attributes: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <strike> <strong>