In the present study LD50 ip of the used lot of vBj was determined in mice by probit analysis, 24 h after vBj administration in five groups of eight animals, with doses ranging

from 2.0 to 2.8 μg/g body mass. LD50 was adopted as inducer of AKI. All doses were given in a maximum volume of 0.2 mL. Animals were divided into six groups, which received: (1) 0.2 mL PBS ip and, after 2 h, 0.2 mL PBS po (control ip + po); (2) LA, at dose and via as aforementionated (see preparation) (LA); (3) SA, at dose and via as aforementionated (see preparation) (SA); (4) CH5424802 LD50 vBj, in a maximum volume of 0.2 mL ip and, after 2 h, subdivided and treated as follows: (4A) animals (without posterior treatment) (vBj); (4B) animals that received LA, at the same scheme of administration as described before (vBj + LA); (4C) animals that received SA, at the same scheme of administration as described before (vBj + SA). Immediately after treatments, each group was placed in appropriate metabolic cages for urine collection, which was performed 24 h after venom injection. Pooled urine was centrifuged at 2564×g, for 5 min, at 4 °C; the supernatant was stored at −80 °C, for the appropriate procedures, and the pellet was discarded. Immediately after urine collection, animals were anesthetized

for blood and kidneys collection. The animals were anesthetized with a solution containing ketamine hydrochloride (König, Argentina) (100 mg/mL) and xylazine chlorhydrate (Vetbrands, Brazil) (100 mg/mL) by ip (0.2 mL/100 g of body mass). Selleck RG7204 Then, the blood was collected with heparinized Pasteur pipette after axillary plexus scission. The thoracic cavity was opened to perform cardiac perfusion with 50 mM phosphate buffer in 0.9% NaCl, pH 7.4, over a period of 5 min at a flow rate of 8–10 mL/min. Immediately after perfusion, kidneys were removed, frozen in dry ice and stored for a maximum period of 10 days, at −80 °C, until the use in the

appropriate procedures. Measurement of hematocrit was made in duplicate of individual samples, in micro-hematocrit capillary tubes, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min, at room temperature (centrifuge HT model H240). For plasma obtainment, blood was centrifuged individually at 5232×g for 5 min, at 4 °C. Aliquots oxyclozanide of plasma samples of animals of the same experimental group were pooled for measurement of protein and aminopeptidase activities. Renal medulla and cortex were dissected and homogenized in 10 mM Tris–HCl buffer, pH 7.4 (0.05 g tissue/mL) for 3 min at 800 rpm (homogenizer Tecnal TE 099) and, then, ultracentrifuged at 100,000×g for 35 min (ultracentrifuge Hitachi model CP60E). The resulting supernatants corresponded to SF. The resulting pellets were washed three times with the same buffer, to assure the complete removal of SF, homogenized for 3 min at 800 rpm, in 10 mM Tris–HCl buffer, pH 7.4, plus Triton X-100 (0.1%) and then ultracentrifuged at 100,000×g for 35 min. The resulting supernatant corresponded to MF.