In conclusion, we present novel data showing that extensive endoscopic image-guided sinus surgery followed by antibiotic irrigation without additional immunosuppressive treatment decreases IgA and IgG BPI-ANCA levels in patients with CF and also confirm the same effect following lung transplantation. We hypothesize that extensive surgery eradicating infectious foci and a reduction in mucosal inflammation can influence the pathogenic process of autoantibody production, for example BPI-ANCA. Our results are in favour of applying EIGSS in CF patients with intermittent or chronic sinus infections

and also indicate that measuring BPI-ANCA levels in individual patients may be used as a surrogate marker for guiding further therapeutic interventions. We would like to thank Lena Nørregaard, the laboratory Small molecule library technician at the Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, the laboratory technicians Y-27632 in vitro at EuroDiagnostica AB and statistician Severin

Olesen Larsen, Statens Serum Institut, for their helpful assistance. The serum analyses performed by EuroDiagnostica AB were financed by Statens Serum Institut. This work was supported by the Candys Foundation, a non-profit organization. Jørgen Wieslander is employed at EuroDiagnostica AB. “
“With increasing interest in alternative options to interferon-alpha-based treatments, IFN-λ has shown therapeutic promise in a variety of diseases. Although

the antiviral activity oxyclozanide of IFN-λ has been extensively studied, there is limited knowledge regarding the immunological functions of IFN-λ and how these differ from those of other classes of IFNs. In this study, we investigated the effects of IFN-λ on primary human NK cells, both in a direct and indirect capacity. We demonstrate that in contrast to interferon-alpha, IFN-λ is unable to directly stimulate NK cells, due to the absence of IFN-λ receptor chain 1 (IFN-λR1) on NK cells. However, IFN-λ, in combination with TLR4 challenge, is able to induce the production of select members of the IL-12 family of cytokines in monocyte-derived macrophages. We further show that through macrophage-mediated IL-12 production, IFN-λ is able to indirectly affect NK cells and ultimately induce IFN-γ production. “
“Currently, little information is available regarding innate immunity to helminthic parasite infection. In this study, we isolated the excretory–secretory (ES) proteins from Anisakis simplex (sea mammal intestinal parasite) third stage larva. We determined that the levels of IL-17 in the lung and lung draining lymph node of mice were increased sixfold as a result of intranasal treatment with ES proteins.