In a study by Krusemark et al85 undergraduates who scored high on a questionnaire measure of narcissism displayed reduced brain activity for self-serving attributions following success (positive) feedback. More specifically, these individuals had decreased activity in bilateral occipital cortex, bilateral temporal cortex, left posterior parietal cortex,
right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical bilateral vmPFC (see also ref 46 for similar neural patterns related to narcissism). As noted above, deficits in vmPFC are associated with poor decisionmaking, possibly because of the inability to Tipifarnib integrate affective information from external stimuli. Based on the evidence that individuals with high narcissism displayed reduced physiological responses to arousing cues,50 the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical results reported by Krusemark and colleagues may suggest that they make more self-serving attributions following success because of weak stimulus registration, integration, and affective reactivity. The association between impaired decision-making and vmPFC activity has also been made with psychopathy.
A number of laboratory paradigms demonstrate vmPFC-related deficits in psychopathy, such as deficits in reversal learning,86,87 and in gambling tasks.88,89 Moreover, Koenigs and colleagues90 reported that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a subgroup of psychopathic offenders (ie, primary Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical low-anxious psychopaths) performed similarly to vmPFC lesion patients in the Ultimatum and Dictator www.selleckchem.com/products/Nilotinib.html economic decision-making games. Specifically, both primary psychopaths and vmPFC lesion patients
accepted fewer unfair offers in the Ultimatum game and offered lower amounts to others in the Dictator game. These results support the purported connection between psychopathy and vmPFC dysfunction. Moreover, they suggest that, as in narcissistic individuals, a deficit in integrating emotion with action may diminish the processes of self-insight and self-reflection in psychopathic individuals. Further highlighting the potential utility of the somatic marker hypothesis for understanding Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the decision-making patterns of those with narcissism, individuals with high narcissism display poor performance on Brefeldin_A the Iowa Gambling Task in a manner similar to those with vmPFC lesions81 and with psychopathy.91-93 Specifically, individuals with high narcissism chose significantly more from the disadvantageous decks, which provided larger immediate reward but resulted in long-term net loss. Lakey and colleagues81 suggested that narcissistic individuals are overly focused on reward, which biased the appraisals of reward and punishment, thus impeding adaptive decision-making. However, these results may also reflect impairment in the processing of negative affect (eg, fear), which often guide a shift in decision-making that would avoid repeated punishment.