Hippocampal volume loss, as well as reduction of other brain

regions, is present in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and is related to epilepsy chronicity.42 Hippocampal sclerosis may also accompany transactive response DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) associated FTD,43 which may account for a hippocampal volume loss.12 Elderly patients with hippocampal sclerosis may be misdiagnosed as having AD, since the clinical features of memory loss may be identical to memory loss in AD.31,44 Memory impairment due to other neurological diseases Impairment of episodic memory and other cognitive functions is a common feature in a range of neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease,45 Huntington’s disease,46,47 epilepsy,48 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical multiple Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical sclerosis,49 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,50 or limbic encephalitis.51 In most of these diseases, clinical investigation

and brain imaging will lead to the correct diagnosis of non-AD memory impairment, and the syndromal overlap with AD is usually smaller than in other neurodegenerative Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical disorders. Awareness of cognitive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease is growing. Approximately one fourth of nondemented patients with Parkinson’s disease were identified as suffering from MCI, with the majority suffering from the amnestic subtype.45 In a recent MRI study on hippocampal volume and microstructural alterations using diffusion tensor imaging analyses, declarative memory impairment was associated with microstructural alterations,

but not hippocampal total volume in nondemented Parkinson’s disease patients.52 In patients with epilepsy, hippocampal atrophy has been described in patients with transient amnesia53 and hippocampal sclerosis associated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with epilepsy may also lead to an amnestic syndrome possibly resembling AD in elderly patients.42 Atrophy observed in patients with epilepsy may be partly reversible.54 Limbic encephalitis is a rare but treatable neurological, autoimmune, often paraneoplastic, disorder that mainly presents with memory impairment, temporal lobe seizures, or affective symptoms.51 Damage of the medial temporal lobe is common in limbic encephalitis; typical hyperintensities of the temporal Histamine H2 receptor lobes are seen in the cranial MRI and may cause severe reduction of memory function.55 Memory impairment due to general medical conditions Apart from neurodegenerative or neurological diseases, general medical diseases may also lead to an impairment of memory, eg, diabetes KPT-330 research buy mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), pregnancy, or menopause among others (for an overview see ref 6). Brain atrophy, particularly microstructural hippocampal alterations seen using diffusion tensor imaging, has been associated with diabetes, independent of vascular lesions.56 Hypoglycemia due to insulin therapy may also lead to structural brain damage and memory impairments in patients with type 1 diabetes.