Four hybridoma clones derived from the fusion of splenocytes of EV71/E59-preimmunized BALB/c (H-2(d)) mice and the NS-1 myeloma cells that
exhibit stable growth were selected for detailed characterization. The proof that the hybridomas produced are indeed true independent clones was based on the obervations that they expressed different complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) in their kappa light chain genes. Purified ascitic fluids produced by the individual clones reacted against the viral capsid protein, VP1, in Western blot; and recognized distinct sites of a common epitope selleck chemical localized at the C-terminal half of VP1. Each of the monoclonal antibodies exhibited potent neutralizing activities against the immunizing https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bay-11-7082-bay-11-7821.html virus strain, as well as two other isolates namely, N0781-TW-01, and N2838, of subgenogroups B4 and B5, respectively, that were found commonly in recent outbreaks in Taiwan. It was also observed the monoclonal antibodies acted cooperatively in neutralizing the EV71/E59
virus. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background and objective: Hyperdopaminergic signaling and an upregulated brain arachidonic acid (AA) cascade may contribute to bipolar disorder (BD). Lithium and carbamazepine, FDA-approved for the treatment of BD, attenuate brain dopaminergic D-2-like (D-2, D-3, and D-4) receptor signaling involving AA when given chronically to awake rats. We hypothesized that valproate (VPA), with mood-stabilizing properties, would also reduce D-2-like-mediated signaling via AA.
Methods: An acute dose of quinpirole (1 mg/kg) or saline was mTOR inhibitor administered to unanesthetized rats that had been treated for 30 days with a therapeutically relevant dose of VPA (200 mg/kg/day) or vehicle. Regional brain AA incorporation coefficients, k*, and incorporation rates, J(in), markers of AA signaling and metabolism, were measured by quantitative autoradiography
after intravenous [1-C-14]AA infusion. Whole brain concentrations of prostaglandin (PG)E-2 and thromboxane (TX)B-2 also were measured.
Results: Quinpirole compared to saline significantly increased k* in 40 of 83 brain regions, and increased brain concentrations of PGE(2) in chronic vehicle-treated rats. VPA treatment by itself reduced concentrations of plasma unesterified AA and whole brain PGE(2) and TXB2, and blocked the quinpirole-induced increments in k* and PGE(2).
Conclusion: These results further provide evidence that mood stabilizers downregulate brain dopaminergic D-2-like receptor signaling involving AA. Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“A real-time, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) assay was developed to differentiate the four genogroups of male-specific ssRNA coliphages (FRNA) (family Leviviridae). As FRNA display a trend of source-specificity (human sewage or animal waste) at the genogroup level, this assay provides a tool to help identify the origin of fecal contamination.