duboulayi. Acclimation to 15 degrees C or 25 degrees C for 6 weeks did not affect the

prey-capture performance of M. duboulayi or the locomotor Selleck Elafibranor performance of either M. duboulayi or Enithares sp. However, acclimation to cool temperatures improved the locomotor performance of P. australiensis at both cool and warm temperatures. Thus, the interaction between M. duboulayi (predator) and P. australiensis (prey) is likely to change across seasons via differences in acclimation responses, which could directly affect their behavioural strategies and population dynamics. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This article reviews current data on the use of cognition enhancers as study aids in the student population. It identifies gaps and uncertainties in the knowledge required to make a balanced assessment of the need for some form WZB117 price of regulation. The review highlights the weak evidence on the prevalence of use of such drugs, especially outside the US, and the ambiguous evidence for their efficacy in a healthy population. Risks are well documented for the commonly used drugs, but poorly

appreciated by users. These include not only the side-effects of the drugs themselves, but risks associated with on-line purchase, which offers no guarantees of authenticity and which for some drugs is illegal. The case for urgent action to regulate use is often linked to the belief that new and more effective drugs are likely to appear in the near future. The evidence for this is weak. However, drugs are not the only possible route to neuroenhancement and action is needed to collect more data on the impact of existing drugs, as well as new technologies, in order to guide society in making a proportionate response to the issue.

This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Cognitive Enhancers’. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Bullfrogs, Lithobathes catesbeianus, bearing a femoral artery cannula were held at 3 temperatures (10,20 and

30 degrees C) for 24 h. BAY 1895344 cost Changes in heart rate were recorded before and after injection of cholinergic and adrenergic antagonists. Normal heart rate doubled for each temperature increment. Adrenergic tone on the heart varied around 20% at all 3 temperatures but cholinergic tone increased from -5% to 10% between 10 and 30 degrees C. In contrast, cholinergic tone increased from 75% at 5 degrees C to 329% at 25 degrees C in Xenopus laevis. Injection of the neural tracer True Blue into the cervical vagus of the bullfrog revealed a single location for vagal preganglionic neurons (VPN) in the dorsal vagal motor nucleus (DVN), while Xenopus had 30% of its VPN in a ventro-lateral group outside the DVN. Broader comparative studies have suggested that differences in the extent of vagal tone may relate to the location of VPN in the brainstem and this may be the case in these amphibians.