CMV+ donors carry a high precursor frequency of CMV-specific Cabozantinib molecular weight T cells, and CMV-reactive T cells lines are

already in use to treat infection in stem cell transplant patients [5]. Here we stimulated PBMC with CMV antigen, isolated the antigen-specific cells using IFN-γ secretion and expanded the T cells into T cell lines CMV-specific cells isolated.  Human PBMC from CMV+ donors were stimulated with CMV lysate antigen (Dade Behring) for 16 h. For some HLA-A2+ donors, pp65 NLV(495–503) peptide was added during the last 3 h of the protein stimulus. IFN-γ selection isolated a mean of 7·7 × 104 CMV-reactive CD4+ T cells and 2·9 × 104 CD8+ T cells per 1 × 108 starting PBMC; adding the pp65 NLV peptide boosted the mean number of CD8+ T cells to a mean of 3·7 × 104 (Fig. 5a). Culturing these isolated T cells as described previously [9] for one round of expansion (2 weeks) led to a 2-log overall expansion selleck screening library rate, with slightly better proliferation of CD4 T cells (CD4 cells mean 2·3 log expansion versus CD8 cells 1·8-log expansion n = 20 Fig. 5b); also see [9]. Thus an average of 1 × 105 total CMV-reactive T cells isolated from 1 × 108 PBMC can be expanded to more than 1 × 107 total specific cells in 2 weeks – this is already similar to the total doses of cells currently given therapeutically [5]. The specificity of CD8+ cells can be checked easily by major histocompatibility

complex (MHC)-tetramer staining, but can be influenced heavily by the HLA-type of the donor – here we illustrate two HLA-A2+ T cell lines made following pp65 stimulus, but one donor is also HLA-B7+. In the HLA-B7- donor the cells produced are >99% positive for the dominant NLV(495–503) antigen (Fig. 5ci), but are almost completely absent in the HLA-B7+ donor, where most cells are specific for the B7-restricted TPR(417–426) peptide (Fig. 5cii). Thus care must be taken in understanding the immunodominance of different antigens in different

HLA-types. CD4+ T cells are best assayed by antigen-specific cytokine production – here we illustrate CD4+ T cells restimulated with autologous dendritic cells and CMV-lysate – the effector memory phenotype for these cells is illustrated graphically, as 88% of the cells make IFN-γ in response to restimulation but only 2% from make IL-2 (Fig. 5d). This section describes the protocol for cytokine detection and enrichment in detail. In this protocol, there are a number of critical steps, and failure to follow these will render results impossible to interpret. Critical steps and common areas that require troubleshooting are highlighted Prepare human PBMC or mouse spleen/lymph node (LN) cells. Critical step – foreign protein such as fetal calf serum (FCS) leads to higher background cytokine production in the non-stimulated control – use human AB serum or mouse serum. Resuspend cells in culture medium at 1 × 107 cells/ml and 5 × 106 cells/cm2 (e.g.