9B)

also showed intense staining. X-gal staining was found throughout the extent of the brain, in fore-, mid- and hindbrain regions (data not shown) described previously using mice of the same transgenic line (Abizaid et al., 2006; Diano et al., 2006). There were no differences between GHSR-KO and their WT littermates in their circadian patterns of PER1 and PER2 protein expression in the SCN (P > 0.05), nor in the circadian patterns of Fos expression in different hypothalamic regions (see Figs 10 and 11). Quantification of the cFos protein immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic nuclei and the PVT showed rhythmic expression in many brain regions studied. A two-way anova of cFos expession in the SCN showed a significant effect of CT (F3,23 = 3.2, P < 0.05), but no effect of genotype and no CT × genotype interaction. find more Similarly, two-way anovas showed significant effects of CT for the PVN (F3,23 = 4.6 P < 0.05), LH (F3,23 = 5.5, P < 0.05), DMH (F3,23 = 4.7, P < 0.05)

and PVT (F3,23 = 3.8, P < 0.05), but no effects of genotype or genotype × CT interactions. Significant rhythms were not observed for the SPVZ, VMH or ARC. There were no differences between genotypes, nor any genotype × time interaction (see Fig. 12). Quantification of the cFos protein immunoreactivity under DD in the hypothalamic nuclei and the PVT showed rhythmic expression in the SCN and LH, but not in other brain areas studied (Fig. 13). A two-way anova of cFos expression showed a significant effect of CT this website in the in the SCN (F3,22 = 12, P < 0.05), and LH (F3,22 = 3.3, P < 0.05), but no effect of genotype or CT × genotype interaction. Significant effects of CT were not observed

for the other areas, nor were there differences between genotypes, or any genotype × time interaction (see Fig. 5). The results of these experiments support the idea that GHSR-KO mice have subtle differences in their circadian rhythms, particularly under conditions that uncouple or dysregulate the master circadian clock, such as LL and food entrainment. In DD, not when the master clock is free to run according to its own endogenous period, circadian rhythms of cFos expression in the SCN and wheel-running activity periods were very similar for both GHSR-KO and WT mice. Both genotypes showed entrainment to temporally limited food access in DD, as has been shown before under LD conditions (Blum et al., 2009; LeSauter et al., 2009). Interestingly, GHRS-KO mice do seem to show the same delay to food entrainment and reduced anticipatory locomotor activity that was seen previously in animals on an LD schedule. In the present study, as in our previous experiment in LD (Blum et al., 2009), WT animals housed in DD began to show high levels of anticipatory activity soon after beginning the scheduled feeding paradigm. By day 4 and particularly day 5 of scheduled feeding of this experiment, WT animals show high levels of activity in the 4 h prior to food availability while KO animals matched this only on day 6.