5. Half of the culture was then infected with 20 MOI M13KO7 and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h (30 min with no shaking and 30 min with shaking at 100 rpm). The culture was then centrifuged at 3000 Vorinostat mw RCF for 20 min. The pellets were resuspended in the same volume of 2xYT medium with 100 μg/mL carbenicillin and 50 μg/mL kanamycin. These cultures were grown 18 h at 25 °C with shaking at 250 rpm. Next, the cultures were centrifuged at 9000 RCF for 30 min and phage particles were purified

from the supernatant by two PEG-precipitations (Sambrook and Russell, 2001). After the second precipitation, phage were resuspended in 1% of the initial volume with 15% glycerol in PBS and stored at − 80 °C. Selections against biotinylated gastrin 14-mer (Anaspec), β-galactosidase (Sigma), TIE-1-Fc chimera (R&D Systems), TIE-2 (R&D Systems), TIE-2/Ang2 (R&D Systems) and TIE-2/Ang1 (R&D Systems) were performed using solid or solution phase panning as previously described (Hawkins et al., 1992 and Vaughan et al., Lumacaftor clinical trial 1996). Complexes of TIE-2 with Ang1 and Ang2 were formed in a 1:1 molar ratio prior to incubation with magnetic beads. Prior to panning, TIE1-Fc and TIE2 were biotinylated with the EZ-Link Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin,

No-Weigh Format (Thermo). InsR pannings were performed as previously described (Bhaskar et al., 2012). RCA sequencing was performed by either ELIM Biosciences or Sequetech. Sequences were analyzed for open reading frame (ORF), variable region family, and alignment to germline sequences. ORF and V-gene family were determined using SeqAgent™ (XOMA (US) LLC) following IMGT conventions. To determine percentage of germline representation in the naïve libraries and selected clones, V-Base germline DNA GNA12 sequences were used as references. For each V-gene sequence, BLAST was used to find the closest germline match, followed by alignment of the two sequences using Clustalw2. The differences between the two

sequences were then counted. Periplasmic extracts (PPE) of soluble scFvs and Fabs were prepared by growing 1 mL cultures of 2xYT medium with 0.1% glucose and 100 μg/mL carbenicillin to an OD600 of 0.5 at 37 °C with shaking in 96-well deep well plates. IPTG was then added to a final concentration of 1.25 mM and the cultures were grown 16 to 18 h at 30 °C with shaking. The cultures were pelleted and the supernatant removed. The pellets were resuspended in 75 μL PPB (Teknova) with protease inhibitors (Roche) and incubated for 10 min at 4 °C with shaking. Next, 225 μL of sterile water with protease inhibitors was added and incubated for 1 h at 4 °C with shaking. Cell debris was removed via centrifugation and the supernatant was removed as PPE. Phage displaying scFv and Fabs were prepared by growing 1 mL cultures of 2xYT medium with 2% glucose and 100 μg/mL carbenicillin to an OD600 of 0.5 at 37 °C with shaking, usually in 96-well deep well plates.