[47], Vibrio cholerae [24] and Pseudomonas stutzeri [25]. Both MLEE and MLRT showed European strains selleck kinase inhibitor to be more heterogeneous than the Indian strains. MLEE revealed that each of the 15 strains from France and Germany had distinct electrophoretic profiles indicating their heterogeneity.

MLRT also revealed that the European strains, which displayed 5 RTs were more heterogeneous compared to Indian isolates. Genetic heterogeneity of European biovar 1A strains has been reported earlier using PFGE [48] and FAFLP [39]. A previous study using multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis also identified 13 MLVA types among 15 European biovar

1A strains [19]. This suggests that European and Indian strains may constitute separate groups and might be evolving independently in two selleck screening library different settings. It would be interesting to explore these evolutionary aspects by comparative whole genome sequencing or multilocus sequence typing of Indian and European strains. It was also observed that strains with different serotypes (O antigen) types produced identical ETs or RTs AZD1480 purchase and were closely related genetically. Also, in some cases, same O antigen was shared by strains that were different genotypically. These observations indicate O antigen switching in strains of Y. enterocolitica as suggested recently by MLST [49]. Such observations have however been reported in other bacteria also [24, 41, 50]. Thus, given the enormous discriminatory power of genotyping techniques such observations also emphasize the need to discuss threadbare, the question of suitability of widely used typing techniques like serotyping. Conclusion More diversity was observed among clinical and non-clinical strains of Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A when MLEE was used. Sixty-two electrophoretic types were identified among 81 strains,

which clustered into four distinct groups. oxyclozanide MLRT identified 12 restriction types and was distinctly less discriminatory, clustering the strains into two groups. The BURST analysis of the MLRT data nevertheless provided newer insights into the probable evolution of clinical strains from those present in the aquatic environments. Acknowledgements SM acknowledges Senior Research Fellowship from Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India. The research grants to JSV from Department of Biotechnology, Indian Council of Medical Research and University of Delhi to strengthen R & D doctoral research programme are acknowledged gratefully. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Representative restriction profiles of six genes of Y. enterocolitica biovar 1A.