The general literature was reviewed for articles in English describing temperatures achievable in the skin and IA space using clinically relevant ice protocols, and the effect of cooling on haemostasis and coagulation. The literature demonstrates that typical methods of ice application can cool both the Selleckchem Dinaciclib skin and IA space. Published, general literature studies have also consistently demonstrated that experimental cooling of blood and/or tissue, both in vitro and in vivo in humans and in animal models, can significantly impair coagulation and prolong bleeding. In PWH with acute haemarthrosis, ice application has potential to increase haemorrhage morbidity by further

impairing coagulation and haemostasis. Ice has not been shown to improve overall outcome, stop bleeding nor swelling from haemarthrosis. Although ice can help manage acute, haemarthrosis-related pain, there are other available interventions that will not impair coagulation and haemostasis. “
“Summary.  Joint bleeding, or haemarthrosis, is the most common type of bleeding episode experienced

by individuals LY294002 cost with haemophilia A and B. This leads to changes within the joints, including synovial proliferation, which results in further bleeding and chronic synovitis. Blood in the joint can also directly damage the cartilage, and with repeated bleeding, there is progressive destruction of both cartilage and bone. The end result is known as haemophilic arthropathy which is characterized by pain, stiffness and deformity. The

joint most commonly affected is the knee. Haemophilic arthropathy can be prevented through regular prophylaxis and physiotherapy. However, when necessary, there are multiple surgical and non-surgical options available. These procedures are indicated to improve the joint function and quality of life for haemophilic patients worldwide. In this review, the role of surgical and non-surgical treatment of advanced knee arthropathy and its complications will be described. Haemophilia A and B are X-linked coagulation disorders caused by the deficiency of factor VIII (FVIII) MCE公司 and factor IX (FIX) respectively. The degree of clotting factor deficiency influences the phenotype and in the severe form of the disease (FVIII/FIX < 1 IU dL−1) spontaneous bleedings occurring into joints and muscles represent the more common manifestations of these diseases [1]. This presence of blood within the joint has also been shown to damage articular cartilage directly [2]. Recurrent bleeding into joints causes synovial proliferation and neoangiogenesis, increasing the joint’s susceptibility to further bleeding and leading to the development of so called ‘target joints’ [3,4]. Iron from repeated haemarthroses accumulates in the synovium and promotes a cytokine-mediated inflammatory response leading to the progressive destruction of both cartilage and bone [5,6].