Additionally, the activation of Pol V requires a transfer of RecA and ATP from the DNA 3′-end of active RecA filament on single-stranded DNA (RecA*) to UmuD2′C to form a mutasomal complex UmuD2′C–RecA-ATP (Pol V Mut) for TLS (Jiang et al., 2009). Dissociation selleckchem of Pol V Mut from DNA triggers a repositioning of RecA-ATP from the UmuD2′ component to bind with UmuC, and this deactivates the enzyme. Rapid inactivation of Pol V Mut after TLS ensures that Pol V-catalyzed error-prone DNA synthesis will

cease soon after the RecA* filaments supporting the SOS response are gone. The SOS-induced Pol II and Pol IV can also delay the mutagenic phase of SOS response. They slow the DNA replication fork by altering the speed of replicative helicase, and this may give more time for repair of DNA damage by the excision repair (Indiani et al., 2009). After replication encounters unrepaired damage, replication is stopped and resumed downstream of the damage. These two DNA polymerases also function to fill in the resulting gaps left in the DNA at these sites. In the early phase

of the SOS response, Pol IV is held in a high-fidelity state by interaction with full-length UmuD2 and RecA (Godoy et al., 2007). Specialized DNA polymerases facilitate the evolution of bacteria under BAY 57-1293 research buy stressful conditions due to continuing replication on damaged DNA. For example, the occurrence of mutants with a growth advantage in the stationary phase next (GASP) is facilitated by SOS-induced DNA polymerases in E. coli

(Yeiser et al., 2002). There are also reports demonstrating the involvement of Y-family polymerases in starvation-induced mutagenesis in E. coli (Bhamre et al., 2001; Bull et al., 2001; McKenzie et al., 2001). Pol V was shown to be involved in the reversion of chromosomal trpA23 allele by base substitutions at AT sites during long-term selection under tryptophan starvation conditions (Bhamre et al., 2001). These mutations were dependent on RecA and occurred only in the presence of oxygen, thereby indicating a role of oxidative damage in this process. In the case of Pol IV-dependent mutagenesis in E. coli, the strain FC40 has become a paradigm of stationary-phase mutation. Lac+ mutations that arise in starving cell populations of FC40 on lactose-selective plates and restore the reading frame of the lacZ allele require RecA function and a RecBCD DSBR system (Harris et al., 1994; Foster et al., 1996; Bull et al., 2001; McKenzie et al., 2001). Error-prone DNA polymerase Pol IV is upregulated by RpoS in E. coli starving cells (Layton & Foster, 2003). Additionally, RpoS controls a switch that changes the normally high-fidelity process of DSBR, via homologous recombination, to an error-prone one under stress (Ponder et al., 2005).