Dr. O’Malley received honoraria as a member

of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology workgroup, the Alcohol Clinical Trial Initiative, sponsored by Eli Lilly, Janssen, Schering Plough, Lundbeck, Glaxo-Smith Kline and Alkermes. She received travel reimbursement for talks at the Controlled Release Society, the Drug Information Association and the Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse, and an honorarium from the Medical Education Speaker Network. She has consulted to the University of Chicago, Brown University, and the Medical University of South Carolina on studies of naltrexone. She is a partner in Applied Behavioral Research, and a Scientific Panel Member, Butler Center for Research at Hazelden. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts Akt inhibitor of interest. We would like to thank Dr. Michele Levine for assistance in creating the smoking cessation protocol for this study, Elaine LaVelle for assistance with data management, and Denise Romano, Amy Blakeslee, Susan Neveu, Vanessa Leary, Jessica Hopkins, Laura

Holt, Lisa Fucito, and Aesoon Park for assistance in implementing this project. We also want to thank members of the Data Safety and Monitoring Board: Bruce Nintedanib order Rounsaville, M.D., Rajita Sinha, Ph.D., and David Fiellin, M.D. “
“It is well documented that long-term alcohol use disorders (AUDs: alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence) are associated with brain atrophy and cognitive impairments such as reduced working memory, verbal memory, visuospatial abilities, and impaired response inhibition (Moselhy et al., 2001; for a review see Sullivan et al., 2000). Similar cognitive impairments have been found in patients suffering

from pathological gambling (PG) or problem gambling (e.g., Goudriaan et al., 2006; for a review see van Holst et Bay 11-7085 al., 2010). Because of clinical, neuropsychological, and neurobiological similarities between PG and substance dependence (Holden, 2001, Petry, 2007 and Potenza, 2006), the DSM-IV classification of PG as an impulse-control disorder not otherwise categorized is challenged and PG is likely to be classified in the Addiction and Related Disorders section in DSM-V (http://www.dsm5.org). In contrast to AUDs, gambling behaviour does not entail brain exposure to toxic agents. However, in theory regional grey matter (GM) volume abnormalities in problem gamblers could result from neuroadaptations due to chronic, repetitive gambling behaviour, and/or the existence of a common underlying neurobiological vulnerability for addictive behaviours. Moreover, if GM volume reductions would also be present in pathological gamblers, comparable to GM reductions in subjects with AUDs (Fein et al., 2002b, Fein et al., 2006, Fein et al., 2009 and Jang et al., 2007) this might explain similarities in neurocognitive impairments found in both disorders.