Therefore, trends in the sensor field address the possible combination of bulk sensor with microsystems. The goal is to link the advantages selleck chemicals llc obtained by the telecommunication and microelectronics technologies [11].This review presents the state-of-art of the sensor field, from an analytical point of view, from Spanish groups. It covers Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the current state of modes of detection, design considerations and innovative applications on sensors. The review is focused on the time period from 2004�C2009. Data were electronically searched in SciFinder and Web of Knowledge databases. The number of publications during this period is represented in Figure 1a, demonstrating a great interest in the development of sensors by analytical Spanish groups (listed in Table 1).

These publications summarize the latest advances and future trends in producing, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries modifying, characterizing and integrating sensors. Figure 1b shows a statistical study of the different transduction techniques used by Spanish groups, and it can be compared with those in the worldwide analytical field (Figure 1c). As it can be seen, the primary detection technique used by analytical Spanish groups has been optical detection (50%), followed by electrochemical detection (48%), and Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries piezoelectric detection only accounts for 2%. However, in the international analytical arena, the primary technique of transduction is electrochemical detection (61%), followed by optical detection (34%), and finally, piezoelectric detection (5%). In the first part of the review, the use of different materials and technologies in chemical and biochemical sensors is reported.

The capabilities and applications are discussed. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Nanoparticles (NPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), quantum dots (QDs), magnetic beads, metal nanoclusters, sensor nanofilms, as well as molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs), metal complexes sol-gel materials, organic ligands and Anacetrapib other materials are discussed. Finally, the commercial sensors produced by analytical research groups are shown.Figure 1.(a) Number of publications on sensors from analytical Spanish groups during 2004�C2009. Distribution of publications according to the type of transduction used in Spanish (b) and international (c) analytical groups.Table 1.Spanish analytical groups and developed sensors.2.?Materials and Technologies in Chemical and Biochemical Sensors2.1.

Nanomaterials and nanotechnologiesNanotechnology implies manipulating individual atoms, molecules or nanosized objects with the aim to develop materials selleck kinase inhibitor with novel properties and behavior that are not displayed by the bulk matter with the same condition. Nanoscale science involves substances on the nanometer scale: at least one dimension in the order of less than 100 nm. Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies are extensively applied in sensor designing [12,13]. Rius et al.