Given that the rate of cases of intussusception following RRV-TV was estimated at 1 per 5000 doses of RRV-TV, studies of new rotavirus vaccines following RRV-TV needed to be sufficiently powered to detect and rule out a similar effect, if indeed it existed with previous

candidate vaccines. Two live oral rotavirus vaccines – RotaTeq™ (RV5) and Rotarix™ (RV1) – were tested in two large clinical trials ( Ruiz-Palacios et al., 2006 and Vesikari et al., 2006), each of which included over 60,000 infants. Neither vaccine was shown during clinical development to induce an increased rate of intussusception (ie the incidence of intussusception in those who received INCB024360 order the rotavirus vaccine and those who did not was comparable) or other SAEs. Since 2006, the two vaccines have been licensed for use in many countries. Selleckchem Cobimetinib Their licensure has been followed by rigorous post-licensure surveillance monitoring including an enhanced review of AEs reported

to VAERS. Intensive post-licensure surveillance is necessary to assess the safety of this vaccine with regard to intussusception, as occurrences of this rare event are expected to occur by chance following, but not caused by, vaccination – in the USA, the VSD is being used for this purpose and to evaluate any other possible associations. Reports of intussusception after vaccination have been received for both licensed vaccines. A clustering of 18 hospitalisations was identified following intussusception Cytidine deaminase (none of which were associated with fatality) in the period 1–7 days after the first dose in Mexico; no clustering was observed after the first dose in Brazil. This would translate to a risk of approximately 20–40 additional cases per year nationwide at current vaccination rates (approximately 2 million). Australian post-marketing surveillance studies found no increased risk of intussusception up to 9 months of age with either

Rotarix™ or RotaTeq™ vaccines. US data (from a smaller population compared with the Mexico data) do not show evidence of an increased risk of intussusception with RotaTeq™. If these data are confirmed, the level of risk with the two current vaccines is substantially lower than the risk of one case of intussusception in 5000–10,000 vaccinees seen with the withdrawn RRV-TV vaccine ( WHO, 2011). Occasionally, unexpected rare vaccine-related events, which were not detected during the pre-licensure clinical programme due to their low incidence rate, are detected once a vaccine is approved and administered to large numbers of individuals. Continuous and thorough collection and evaluation of safety data prior to and post-licensure is paramount to continuously assess and re-evaluate the benefit–risk profile of vaccines. Hurdles facing vaccine developers today can be practical, such as the search for immune correlates of protection, but also perceptual. Both issues are discussed below.

The optical Docetaxel absorbance readings are averaged over 1 s and then displayed on a 16 × 2-character liquid crystal display (LCD). The readings are manually recorded. Sample temperature

was measured with a Testoterm® 7010 digital thermometer (Testoterm Inc., Germany), and salinity was measured with a Sper Scientific® 850036 Salinity Pen (SperDirect.com, USA). The accuracies of the temperature and salinity measurements were ± 0.1 °C and ± 0.1, respectively. Seawater was collected into the 100 mL glass bottle, which was capped, wiped clean, and seated in the photometer for a blank (baseline) measurement of absorbances. The bottle cap was then removed, and mCP indicator (0.03 mL) was injected into the sample with a 1 mL plastic syringe (B-D, USA) to provide a final mCP concentration of 3 μmol kg− 1. The sample and indicator were manually mixed with a glass stir rod, the bottle was recapped, and mCP absorbances were measured and recorded. Finally, temperature and salinity were measured and recorded. The entire procedure for a single sample takes ~ 3 min. To calculate pHT, the ratio of final (baseline-corrected) absorbances selleck products was calculated. This broadband RB was converted to the RN of Eq.  (4) according to a

previously determined calibration (described below). Finally, sample pHT was calculated as a function of RN, S, and T (Eqs.  (4), (5), (6) and (7)). To assess the accuracy of the photometer pH measurements, sample pH values were also measured using an Agilent 8453 benchtop spectrophotometer. As such, the “accuracy”

of LED photometer measurements reported in this work refers to the differences between photometer measurements and state-of-the-art pH measurements obtained with a benchtop spectrophotometer. Standard operating procedures were followed (Dickson et al., 2007). In brief, a 10 cm optical cell was filled with seawater sample, and a blank measurement was taken. Then 10 μL of 10 mmol·L− 1 stock mCP solution Rolziracetam was added to the sample, and absorbances were again measured. Sample pHT was calculated using Eqs. (4), (5), (6) and (7). A key point in our photometer pH measurement protocol is that for every RB value measured with the broadband LED photometer there is a corresponding RN value (Eq.  (4)) that a narrowband spectrophotometer would report for the same sample. The functional relationship between RN and RB depends solely on physical factors (e.g., emission and absorbance bandwidths, system geometries) and is independent of the solution chemistry of the measured samples. As such, with an experimentally determined transform function (RN = f(RB)), photometer RB values can be converted to RN values, which (along with samples’ T and S) can be used to calculate seawater pHT (Eqs.  (4), (5), (6) and (7)).

The detailed results from maximal isometric strength tests have been reported in an earlier publication (Samuel & Rowe, 2009). The mean peak knee muscle moments at 20°, 60° and 90° of knee flexion were 55.6 Nm, 53.1 Nm, IGF-1R inhibitor 46.3 Nm for flexors and −53.9 Nm, −97.8 Nm, −94.2 Nm for

extensors respectively. The mean peak hip muscle moments at 0°, 30° and 45° of hip flexion were 90.4 Nm, 84.6 Nm, 76.6 Nm for flexors and −47.3 Nm, −69 Nm, −71.4 Nm for extensors respectively (Samuel & Rowe, 2009). The FD data is presented for the cohort as a whole for each activity cycle for gait, CR and CSt incorporating both flexor (positive) and extensor (negative) demands in Fig. 1 Knee and Fig. 2 Hip. The FD profile during stair negotiation cycle has been presented elsewhere (Samuel et al., 2011). The maximal FDs for the three age groups during the five tasks are reported

in Table 1. The FD for older adults in the 80s age group was normally higher than those in the 60s and the difference in FD of 80-year-old participants ranged from 75 to 155 percent of that of the 60-year-olds. Age cohort-wise difference was not statistically significant however, an increasing trend was noticed in the overall FDs with increasing age particularly see more in the following measures, Gait – knee flexors, knee extensors, hip extensors; CR – knee extensors, hip extensors; CSt – knee extensors, hip extensors; SA – knee extensors,

hip extensors; SD – knee flexors, knee extensors, hip flexors and hip extensors. The FD on the extensors of hip and knee joints was normally higher than those of flexors across all the activities. For knee extensors, the overall FD values ranged from 69% for CSt to 120% for SD. The overall FD of hip extensors ranged from 51% for SD to 127% during gait. The knee extensor demand during gait (101%), SA (103%) and SD (120%); and hip extensor demand during gait (127%) were in excess of the maximum isometric muscle strength available. This is possible in eccentric and concentric modalities where more than maximum voluntary isometric strength can be elicited. The demand on knee flexors was high for gait (75%) and SD (73%) Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 while a slightly lower hip flexor demand was noticed during gait (68%). The present study has provided a comprehensive analysis of FD at the knee and hip joints during everyday functional tasks measured on a large sample of older adults in three age groups. The findings of this study are unique as no previous study has investigated FDs on the knee and hip joints during a number of mobility-based activities. In addition, our data enhances our understanding of physical performance of older adults in terms of the FDs encountered at the knee and hip joints during everyday activities. The functional tasks that were found to be most demanding were gait, SA and SD.

In the present study LD50 ip of the used lot of vBj was determined in mice by probit analysis, 24 h after vBj administration in five groups of eight animals, with doses ranging

from 2.0 to 2.8 μg/g body mass. LD50 was adopted as inducer of AKI. All doses were given in a maximum volume of 0.2 mL. Animals were divided into six groups, which received: (1) 0.2 mL PBS ip and, after 2 h, 0.2 mL PBS po (control ip + po); (2) LA, at dose and via as aforementionated (see preparation) (LA); (3) SA, at dose and via as aforementionated (see preparation) (SA); (4) CH5424802 LD50 vBj, in a maximum volume of 0.2 mL ip and, after 2 h, subdivided and treated as follows: (4A) animals (without posterior treatment) (vBj); (4B) animals that received LA, at the same scheme of administration as described before (vBj + LA); (4C) animals that received SA, at the same scheme of administration as described before (vBj + SA). Immediately after treatments, each group was placed in appropriate metabolic cages for urine collection, which was performed 24 h after venom injection. Pooled urine was centrifuged at 2564×g, for 5 min, at 4 °C; the supernatant was stored at −80 °C, for the appropriate procedures, and the pellet was discarded. Immediately after urine collection, animals were anesthetized

for blood and kidneys collection. The animals were anesthetized with a solution containing ketamine hydrochloride (König, Argentina) (100 mg/mL) and xylazine chlorhydrate (Vetbrands, Brazil) (100 mg/mL) by ip (0.2 mL/100 g of body mass). Selleck RG7204 Then, the blood was collected with heparinized Pasteur pipette after axillary plexus scission. The thoracic cavity was opened to perform cardiac perfusion with 50 mM phosphate buffer in 0.9% NaCl, pH 7.4, over a period of 5 min at a flow rate of 8–10 mL/min. Immediately after perfusion, kidneys were removed, frozen in dry ice and stored for a maximum period of 10 days, at −80 °C, until the use in the

appropriate procedures. Measurement of hematocrit was made in duplicate of individual samples, in micro-hematocrit capillary tubes, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min, at room temperature (centrifuge HT model H240). For plasma obtainment, blood was centrifuged individually at 5232×g for 5 min, at 4 °C. Aliquots oxyclozanide of plasma samples of animals of the same experimental group were pooled for measurement of protein and aminopeptidase activities. Renal medulla and cortex were dissected and homogenized in 10 mM Tris–HCl buffer, pH 7.4 (0.05 g tissue/mL) for 3 min at 800 rpm (homogenizer Tecnal TE 099) and, then, ultracentrifuged at 100,000×g for 35 min (ultracentrifuge Hitachi model CP60E). The resulting supernatants corresponded to SF. The resulting pellets were washed three times with the same buffer, to assure the complete removal of SF, homogenized for 3 min at 800 rpm, in 10 mM Tris–HCl buffer, pH 7.4, plus Triton X-100 (0.1%) and then ultracentrifuged at 100,000×g for 35 min. The resulting supernatant corresponded to MF.

The personality based approach takes an ability perspective in attributing performance differences to stable traits. This point of view differs from the social psychological approach, which acknowledges that cognitive performance can be affected by various state factors. As trait and state effects can be reflected in test scores (Wicherts, Dolan, & Hessen, 2005; cf. Cronbach, 1957) we will conjoin both perspectives when investigating sex differences in neural efficiency (negative IQ-brain selleck activation relationship; e.g., Haier et al., 1992). According to the individual differences/trait perspective, sex differences in neural efficiency

would be attributed to sex differences in the underlying ability domain (women typically show higher verbal ability, men show higher spatial ability). The neural efficiency hypothesis is represented by an IQ-brain activation correlation, which can be moderated by sex and task content (Jaušovec and Jaušovec, 2008, Lipp et al., 2012, Neubauer et al., 2002 and Neubauer et al., 2005): Males and females showed the expected inverse IQ-brain

activation relationship primarily in those tasks in which they usually perform better, i.e. males in visuo-spatial tasks and females in verbal and emotional intelligence tasks. This certainly holds true for the visuo-spatial domain where considerable find more evidence demonstrates that men usually outperform women (for a review cf. Halpern et al., 2007). However, with respect to the verbal domain it is more complex. While women stereotypically think to perform better in verbal tasks evidence for an actual performance difference is rather mixed (Halpern, 2004). Sex differences in task performance can be explained by ability factors as well as by situational factors. Moreover, ability differences can have genetic causes but also long-term environmental causes (Halpern et al., 2007 and Steele, 2010). In particular, performance can be influenced Amrubicin by implicitly

activated stereotypes. A stereotype threat arises in a situation in which the stereotype is relevant and the situation strikes one as a test of stereotype-relevant qualities. Steele (1997) proposed that a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs leads to fear, self-doubt, which in turn may impair working memory and hamper cognitive performance. Empirical evidence demonstrates for instance that, White males underperform in athletics (Stone, 2002) and women underperform in math and science domains (Good et al., 2008 and Spencer et al., 1999). According to Steele (2010), negative stereotypes can have long term consequences, leading to a loss of interest and eventually diminishing math or spatial ability in the long run.

Current velocities in these lagoons are functions of size of the lagoon, its shape, size of the inlet and tidal range etc. Tides are of primary importance, providing periodic exchange. Wind stress plays a sometimes dominant but variable role, depending on the strength of the local tide and the characteristic wind speed (Sultan and Ahmad, 1990 and Ahmad and Sultan, 1992). The tides in the Red Sea are probably a combination of an independent oscillation of the water within the basin and a forced co-oscillation induced by the tides in the Gulf of Aden (Morcos 1970). The independent oscillations are semidiurnal and of small

amplitude. Towards the central part of the Red Sea the tidal range decreases (Edwards & Head 1987); at about 20°N there is a nodal point. Between 19°N and BAY 73-4506 price 21°N the tidal currents are weak and variable. However, at the inlets

of the coastal lagoons, the tidal currents may be as high as 1 m s− 1. But in the main body of the lagoons the currents are weak and vary depending on the spring-neap cycle and the variation in sea level. The Red Sea level is strongly influenced by the rate of evaporation and balance between in- and outflowing water at Bab-el-Mandab. In winter the inflow exceeds the combined effect of outflow and loss by evaporation in spite of the fact that evaporation is higher in winter, at least in the central Red Sea (Ahmad & Sultan 1989). Consequently, the mean sea level rises over the entire Red Sea in winter. In summer the reverse occurs and mean sea level is lower (Morcos,

1970, Ahmad and Sultan, 1993 and Smeed, 2004). The use of some coastal lagoons see more as discharge areas for industrial and municipal waste and some others as sea water intakes for desalination purposes in Saudi Arabia makes an assessment of water column CHIR 99021 stability indispensable. Lying to the north of Jeddah (Figure 1), Rabigh Lagoon is over 17 km long and has an average width of about 4 km. Urban and industrial development has begun to exert an impact upon the lagoon’s ecology. The objective of this study is to predict the water column conditions in Rabigh Lagoon. It is generally shallow but in some parts depths may reach about 20 m. The mean rate of change of the potential energy of the water column is applied to evaluate the water column condition, i.e. whether it is stratified or vertically mixed (Simpson and Hunter, 1974, Simpson et al., 1978, Simpson and Bowers, 1981, Yanagi and Takahashi, 1988, Yanagi and Tamaru, 1990 and Simpson, 1997). The potential energy ‘v’ is relative to the mixed conditions, and positive and negative signs are assigned to the term that increases and decreases water column mixing. The equation is: equation(1) dvdt=−αgQH2cp−βgSHR2A+4ϵKbρwut33π+δKsγρaw3. The 1st term is the contribution of the surface heat flux, while the 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms are the respective contributions of fresh water discharge, tidal mixing and wind mixing.

Most importantly, we detected all expected ratio and congruency effects in the symbolic and non-symbolic magnitude discrimination tasks and detected other group × measure interactions at good significance levels. Second, in order to achieve high intra-individual power our study deliberately had a large number of trials in each experiment. There were 40 trials for each level of symbolic numerical distance in the symbolic discrimination task

(80 stimuli all together) and 40 trials for each level of ratio in the non-symbolic discrimination task selleck chemical (120 stimuli all together). That is, across the study we collected 12 × 40 = 480 trials for each ratio level in the DD group. In comparison to studies with positive MR results our study had 1.66–4 times as many PLX3397 manufacturer trials per ratio level than other studies: Price et al. (2007) presented 12 trials per ratio level (24 stimuli, eight DD children,

i.e., 96 trials for each ratio across the whole study), Mazzocco et al. (2011) used 20 trials per ratio level (80 stimuli, 10 DD children, i.e., 200 trials per ratio level across the whole study), Mussolin et al., 2010a and Mussolin et al., 2010b used 24 trials per ratio level (96 stimuli for each presentation format, 15 DD children, 360 trials per ratio level for each presentation format across the whole study), Piazza et al. (2010) used 10 trials per ratio level (80 stimuli, 23 DD children including 12 dyslexic children, i.e., 230 trials per ratio level across the study). In addition our study had 12 DD children which is more than Sinomenine the number

of DD children in two out of the above four studies. Even when factoring in the larger number of DD children in the two remaining studies (Mussolin et al., 2010a, Mussolin et al., 2010b and Piazza et al., 2010) our study collected 1.33–2.08 times more trials per ratio level for each presentation format than other studies. This is advantageous because the larger number of trials effectively suppresses the amount of noise inherent to the data which increases power. Third, the impaired MR theory predicts that ratio effects in non-symbolic number discrimination will differ in DD relative to controls (Piazza et al., 2010, Mazzocco et al., 2011 and Price et al., 2007). In our study the between group difference in the mean ratio effect was .1%. In a similar non-symbolic number discrimination task Price et al. (2007) observed a 2.5% difference between groups in the ratio effect with the DD group showing a larger effect than controls because DD children were less accurate than controls at close ratios (close vs far ratio difference in controls: 3.87%, DD: 6.37%; accuracy for close vs far ratios in controls: 95.75% vs. 99.62%. In DD: 92.75% vs. 99.12%). In that study the standard deviation of the error data was about 1.65% and the group difference in the ratio effect was about 1.51SD. For the 12 subjects in our study this gives a Power estimate of Power > .99.

Additional AT13387 fisheries re-openings occurred on July 22, 29, 30, August 7, 20, 27, September 2, 3, 21, October 1, 5, 15, 22, and November 15. This study examines oil concentrations through this period. PAHs often comprise up to 10% of the organic compounds in crude oil and provide insight into the general distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment associated with a spill (Vinas et al., 2010). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from crude oil can have

deleterious effects on human health. Although hydrophobic, many of these low molecular weight (LMW) compounds are soluble in seawater. In humans, exposure pathways include skin contact, inhalation, and ingestion (Fingas, 2000). These compounds are lipophilic and are readily taken

up by human tissues (Cheng et al., 2010) (e.g. liver, kidneys, and fat) and can be toxic to the immune and nervous systems. Long-term risks of exposure Enzalutamide chemical structure to these compounds, (e.g. benzene) include cancer/leukemia (Rinsky et al., 1987 and Schnatter et al., 2005). Gohlke et al. (2011) have reviewed this spill in the context of previous large-scale oil spills and protocols utilized to assess levels of concern concerning PAHs as well as metals associated with such spills. They note that current protocols need to be expanded and extended in time to insure that risks are reduced to acceptable levels. They also claim that PAHs concentrations from the DWH spill are at or below the values from previous spills. Other investigators Loperamide claim, however, that low levels of PAHS at the surface may be due to the use of Corexit® dispersant, which draws the crude oil back into the water (Kaltofen, 2012). The reader is referred to this paper for a complete review of this topic. We believe that, in order to better understand the environmental

impacts of a spill of this magnitude on the dynamic GOM ecosystem, one needs to consider hydrocarbon contamination at various levels in the ecosystem on a large geographic scale. In this study, we focused on petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment, seawater, and marine biota, including several seafood species. In order to determine the geographic distribution of the oil, we focused on the following classes of compounds as proxies: Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH, C-8 to C-40); total Polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); C3-naphthalenes, C2-phenanthrenes/anthracenes; C4-phenanthrenes/anthracenes, and C1-benzo(a)anthracenes/chrysenes. We also considered concentrations in another 8 compounds: C-2 dibenzothiophenes, C-3 dibenzothiophenes, C-4 dibenzothiophenes, C-2 naphthalenes, C-4 napthalenes, C-3 fluorenes, C1-phenanthrenes/anthracenes, and C2 sub’d B(a)/chrysenes. These classes have higher molecular weights than VOCs, although they can be volatile or semi-volatile, and can be persistent in the environment.

1% formic acid gradient. Data were acquired in dara-dependent mode (DDA), and multiple charged peptides ions (+2, +3 and +4) were automatically mass selected and dissociated in MS/MS experiments. Flow was set for 600 nL/min, nanoflow capillary voltage of 3.5 kV, block temperature of 100 °C, and cone voltage of 100 V. The MS/MS spectra acquired were processed using Proteinlynx v. 2.0 software (Waters, Milford, USA) and the generated PKL files were used to perform database searches using Selleck PCI 32765 a in house license for MASCOT software v. 2.2 (Matrix Science, London,

UK). The non-redundant NCBI database was used for search the data. Search parameters allowed a maximum of one missed cleavage, the carbamidomethylation PD0332991 purchase of cysteine, the possible oxidation of methionine, peptide tolerance of 0.3 Da, and MS/MS tolerance of 0.2 Da. The significance threshold was set at p < 0.05, and identification required that each protein contained at least one peptide with an expected value <0.05. Data were manually checked for validation. In order to visualize and document the presence of labelled vicilins by microscopy from larvae, adults and eggs, fresh portions were mounted on glass slides and visualized using

a laser Confocal microscope (Leica DMI6000 B Microscope). Vicilin–FITC complexes were detected by confocal microscopy in the genitalia of virgin males as soon as they emerged from the artificial seeds (Fig. 1A–C). When vicilin–FITC fed males were mated to control virgin females, the fluorescence could be seen in the genitalia within minutes after the copulation (Fig. 1D–F). The vicilin–FITC complex could be traced from the distal parts of the female genitalia to the 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase ovarioles (Fig. 2). Tracing the fluorescence, we could see that the vicilin–FITC complex was incorporated in the forming chorion of the oöcytes (Fig. 2D–F). When females were allowed to lay their eggs, the fluorescence in

the laid eggs was clearly visible under confocal microscopy (Fig. 3A–C and supplementary material 1). In order to determine the fate of the vicilin–FITC complex after oviposition, we followed the embryonic development in the eggs laid by fertilized females until the eclosion of the neonatal larvae. In this case, both males and females were fed a diet containing the vicilin–FITC complex during the larval period. We can see in Fig. 4 that only 3 days after oviposition it is possible to distinguish the segments of the embryo inside the egg (Fig. 4D). Throughout the fourth and fifth days after oviposition it is possible to see that the embryo eroded part of the egg shell (Fig. 4E–H and supplementary material 2). At the sixth day after oviposition, the newly hatched larvae start eating a circular window from the floor of the egg shell before eclosion (Fig. 4I and J). After the eclosion, a fluorescent egg shell was left behind, where it was also possible to see a fluorescent deposit close to the egg pore (Fig. 4K and L).

For instance, how well does the STEPL model (or model inputs) account for stream erosion, agricultural practices, or the presence of extensive wetlands? Does the geologist’s understanding of the relationship between land use/urbanization and sedimentation adequately explain the record, or are there other factors included in the model (such as stream erosion or wetlands) that should be addressed as well? Are there remaining questions related to either watershed management or the geologic history that might be better answered with a different methodology or more focused study? It is not feasible to conduct detailed

sediment core analyses for every stream or subwatershed. However, where such a detailed history spanning decades can be determined, a comparison of the sediment record with watershed modeling can prove instructive and supportive to geologic and watershed work throughout selleck chemicals llc the region. The Gorge Dam is no longer a source of hydropower or cooling water

storage and is being evaluated for removal (Vradenburg, 2012). The sediment in the impoundment will be pumped out and contained on land, so it does not adversely PCI 32765 impact downstream environments (Vradenburg, 2012). Once the dam is removed the impoundment reach will change from a region of deposition to one of non-deposition and erosion. The impoundment reach will take on the characteristics observed immediately upstream of today’s L-NAME HCl impoundment where the river is swift, shallow, narrow, contains boulders and flows on bedrock. On September 18, 2011, a day of near average flow, we measured maximum flow velocities of 1.6 m s−1 and a water area of 11.6 m2 upstream of the

impoundment. Following the Gorge Dam removal the 900 m2 impounded water area will decrease to about 12 m2 and produce a dramatic increase in flow velocity. In addition, the nearly flat (0.00027 mm−1) impoundment water surface will increase to its steep pre-dam slope (0.014 mm−1), thus increasing boundary shear stress. As a result of these changes, the Cuyahoga River will have a greater ability to transport sediment and result in sediment bypassing within the gorge. These future conditions are similar to the photographically documented conditions in the gorge area before the dam was constructed (Whitman et al., 2010, pp. 35–36; McClure, 2012). This study helps to constrain the estimates of future increase in sediment load to the Lower Cuyahoga River should the Gorge Dam be removed. Downstream, the Port of Cleveland includes 9.3 km of channel in the lower Cuyahoga River and requires 250,000 m3 of sediment to be annually dredged in order to remain navigable (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2012). As the nation’s 48th largest port, the Port of Cleveland is an important economic asset, and potential changes to dredging needs are relevant (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2012).