White patches show the infraction (B) Infract (%) measurement in

White patches show the infraction. (B) Infract (%) measurement in different … Discussion The present study demonstrated that in vitro

hypoxic/reperfusion spinal injury exacerbates myriad cascade of events involving energy depletion, mitochondrial swelling, increased LPO with decrease in GSH levels, and increased MPO level. Intervention with FK-506 and CsA restored the depleted ATP stores, inhibition of mitochondrial swelling, and decrease Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in oxidant indices with substantial restoration of endogenous GSH. These results confirm that the protective actions of FK-506 and CsA are mediated via their antioxidant actions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is the key component of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the secondary neuronal damage in the spinal cord and brain injury (Hall 1989; Aksenova et al. 2002). The disastrously increased ROS formed during spinal hypoxia attach to membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids, thereby inflicting LPO and also increasing membrane permeability because the tissue is very

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical sensitive and vulnerable (Lewen et al. 2000; Yousuf et al. 2005, Atif et al. 2009). We observed a marked increase in LPO level in hypoxic spinal cord that could be attributed to the ROS action. Under normal conditions, ROS are generated in the mitochondria, which are rapidly EPZ-5676 cost scavenged by the various enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Reduced GSH is the primary line of defense against ROS. GSH is consumed by glutathione peroxidase enzyme during H2O2 elimination and therefore in an environment

where there is oxidative stress, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical intracellular GSH content is depleted. GSH and other thiol-containing proteins are important in cellular defense against hypoxic damage. In the present study, GSH content was found to be depleted in the hypoxic group. ROS-mediated oxidative damage participates Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the exacerbation of intracellular calcium levels leading to mitochondrial swelling, which plays a critical role in several forms of neuronal death (Coyle and Puttfarcken 1993; Choi 1995; Leist and Nicotera 1998; Okabe et al. 2000; Xiong et al. 2007). Mitochondrial swelling is an indicator of the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pores (MPTP), which results in depolarization of mitochondrial Batimastat membrane potential. Our findings too demonstrated a significant increase in Ca2+-induced swelling in hypoxic mitochondria. Mitochondrial swelling subsequently results in altered oxidative phosphorylation, eventually affecting ATP production (Halestrap 2005). CNS has limited intrinsic energy reserves and requires a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients. Energy metabolism change or ATP depletion leads to depolarization and failure of energy conduction. A significant decrease in ATP level in the hypoxic spinal cord as a result of 1-h spinal hypoxia was observed in this study.

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