5A (magnification 200×). Kidneys from the wildtype mice subjected to liver IR demonstrated multifocal acute tubular injury including

S3 segment proximal tubule necrosis, cortical tubular simplification, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and dilated lumina as well as focal granular bile/heme casts (Fig. 5A). The summary of renal injury scores for percent renal tubular hypereosinophilia, percent peritubular leukocyte margination, and percent cortical vacuolization are shown in Fig. 5B. Neutralization of IL-17A (200 μg antibody), deficiency in IL-17A receptor or IL-17A significantly reduced kidney injury. Consistent with plasma creatinine, IL-17A-deficient mice transfused learn more with IL-17A wildtype splenocytes were still protected against kidney injury after liver IR. Hepatic IR injury also caused severe small intestinal injury (Fig. 6). Small intestine histology assessed 24 hours after 60 minutes hepatic IR in H&E-stained sections demonstrated villous endothelial cell apoptosis (Fig. 6B, magnified insert), villous epithelial cell necrosis, and the development of a necrotic epithelial pannus over the mucosal surface. Neutralization of IL-17A (200 μg antibody, Fig. 6C), deficiency in IL-17A (Fig. 6D) or IL-17A receptor (Fig. 6E) significantly reduced small intestine injury 24 hours after 60 minutes hepatic IR. In addition,

infusion of wildtype splenocytes into IL-17A-deficient mice did not reverse the intestinal protection in these mice (Fig. 6F). We assessed selleck chemicals llc tissue inflammation by detecting neutrophil infiltration and by measuring proinflammatory mRNA up-regulation. Sixty minutes of hepatic ischemia resulted in significant recruitment of neutrophils into the liver, kidney, and intestine in IL-17A wildtype mice (Supporting Fig. see more 2A-C). Neutrophil infiltration coincided with areas of liver necrosis. Neutralization of IL-17A, deficiency in IL-17A receptor or IL-17A significantly reduced neutrophil infiltration in all three organs. We also measured the expression of proinflammatory

cytokine mRNAs in the liver, kidney, and intestine 24 hours after liver IR with semiquantitative RT-PCR. Hepatic IR significantly increased proinflammatory mRNA expression (ICAM-1, KC, MCP-1, and MIP-2) in all three organs compared to the sham-operated mice (Supporting Fig. 3A-C). However, neutralization of IL-17A, deficiency in IL-17A receptor or IL-17A significantly reduced proinflammatory mRNA expression in all three organs. We were able to detect IL-17A mRNA expression in all tissues (data not shown) of IL-17A-deficient mice transfused with IL-17A wildtype splenocytes. Furthermore, wildtype IL-17A splenocyte transfused IL-17A-deficient mice showed significantly attenuated proinflammatory mRNA expression in the liver, kidney, and small intestine (data not shown). We used three separate indices to detect apoptosis: (1) TUNEL staining (Supporting Fig. 4), (2) DNA laddering (Supporting Fig.