3). We speculate that the synergy between IL-4 and IL-10 is probably associated with fibrosis contributing to host survival and maintenance of infection. Studies have shown the involvement of cytokines produced by TH2 lymphocytes as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in formation of granuloma in Schistosoma mansoni infection and liver fibrosis progression ( De Jesus et al., 2004). The macroscopic changes observed in the livers were consistent with the expression Selleckchem BMN 673 increased of IL-10 and IL-4. It occurred mainly in livers from animal with fibrosis, necrosis, hemorrhage, and duct calcification and hyperplasia. We demonstrated that a TH2-polarized response predominates in chronically infected

animals, suggesting that maintenance of natural infection is associated with elevated IL-4 and IL-10 levels. Besides the cytokines analyzed, it is important to note that TGF-B has also been demonstrated as an important factor in immunomodulation and probably the establishment of fibrosis in animals infected with F. hepatica ( Haçariz et al., 2009). What can be observed in cattle naturally infected by F.

hepatica is a balance between the expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 in the liver tissue confirming the predominance of TH2 response in naturally infected animals from an endemic area. This balance aids in anti-parasite defenses, “monitoring” fascioliasis second progression and survival of the vertebrate host, which can remain in continuous contact with these parasites for prolonged periods of time. Together, Alectinib these results are important to complement previous works indicating that new researches should be made to evaluation of role IL-4 and IL-10 in F. hepatica infection. This study was funded by Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (“Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico” – CNPq) and Pro-Dean for Research (“Pro-Reitoria de Pesquisa”) of UFMG. “
“Lippia gracilis Schauer

(Verbenaceae) is a deciduous branched shrub able to grow to approximately 2 m. This plant is a species of the vegetation typical of a well-drained, semi-arid region in northeastern Brazil. Its aromatic leaves and flowers constitute the plant medicinal components, composed of tissues from which the essential oil is extracted. The plant oil exhibits antimicrobial activity due to its high content of carvacrol and/or thymol ( Pessoa et al., 2005). An Active Germplasm Bank of L. gracilis is maintained at the Federal University of Sergipe and plant material is available to supply cuttings for production of plantlets needed for large scale cultivation and essential oil production. Generally, members of the Lippia genus have similar chemical composition, with some compounds present in several species.